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PRAY'S 

CALORIMETER TABLES 



FOR 



STEAM. 



CONTAINING 

TABLE OF HEAT OF STEAM FOR EACH TENTH DEGREE F. 
FROM 212° TO 446°. COMPUTED STRICTLY FROM 
ORIGINAL DATA OF REGNAULT, CONFORM- 
ING TO HIS RESULTS PRECISELY. 



PRESSURE FROM PROF. DR. DIXON'S FORMULAE, RESOLVING REGNAULT'S 
DATA INTO ENGLISH UNITS. 



ENTIRELY RECOMPUTED AND ARRANGED 



THOMAS PRAY, Jr., C. C. &> XI. Engineer. 



PRICE ONE DOLLAR. 



THOMAS PRAY, Jr., 

P. O. Box 2728, 
Boston, Mass. 



K 






1897. 






Copyrighted, 1897. 
By THOS. PRAY, Jr. 




6-*r?P 



PREFACE. 

The calorimeter is quite as important an element in all steam plants as any other 
instrument from which we gather certain facts relative to the economy or lack of 
economy in the use of steam as a motive power, for heating, or any purpose where con- 
siderable amounts of water are evaporated each day. 

Like all the most authentic data we possess, we are indebted to Regnault for the 
laws governing the reconversion of steam into water, for in his experiments Regnault 
made use of the calorimeter to ascertain the exact amount of heat given up from certain 
pressures, and by his investigation settled questions which were at that time not only 
unsettled but the subject of radical differences of opinion, as well as of data either ex- 
perimental or supposed. 

As with everything that came under his hand, Regnault settled not only the prob- 
lem, but any and every detail which involved the least doubt was made the subject 
of the most painstaking experiments, until its precise value was found, and this value 
then entered the total problem as a " correction." 

This work was done under the auspices of the French Government, at the Paris 
Observatory, and it is conceded by those well informed on the subject, that no such 
accuracy is shown in any such work of recent date, for the reason, first, that Regnault 
was not limited in apparatus or expense, and second, his personal qualifications were 
of so high an order as to peculiarly fit him for such work, which extended over more 
than twenty years before his final report was made public. The main part of the work 
relating to steam was first made public in the " Memoirs d 7 Institute" Tome XXI., to- 
gether with some other data on mercury, and a little later on Regnault's official report 
was made to the Minister of Public Works, under the title of " Relation des Experiences " 
1847, in which he himself had made many little corrections relating to the report of 
work which had already appeared. 

Prof. Rankine had already been waiting for these results, and in his class-work at 
the University of Glasgow, had prepared some tables from his theoretical reasoning, 
which were anticipatory of Regnault's work, and there was much interest all over 
Europe to see what were the results announced by Regnault. 

Among others who were impatient to obtain these results, was the Rev. Robert V. 
Dixon, then Professor in Dublin University, and he spent the two years succeeding 
the appearance of Regnault's " Experiences" in a critical review of its formulae, and of 
all its data. Prof. Dixon was a most able mathematician, and his work, " A Treatise on 
Heat," Dublin, 1849, contains by far the most comprehensive data of corrections, 
formulae, and translation from French to English units for all the needed computations 
to be found up to this day. 

Prof. Dixon collated all data referring to the various points of Regnault's investi- 
gations as made public, and showed the reasons why they were or were not applicable, 
and he recomputed all Regnault's formulae and his constants from Regnault's own 
data, corrected some very slight errors, and made the only strictly correct mathemat- 
ical computations from which to compute in English units, which has yet appeared 
anywhere to the author's knowledge. 



PREFACE. 

This work is now very rare, but is valuable, not alone for its computations, but 
for the rare impartiality shown — and the ability to deal fairly, yet with accuracy. 

The data in this volume is strictly and entirely from Regnault's report in his 
"Experiences" computed strictly from Prof. Dixon's formulae, and is checked with the 
original at all coincident points on the temperature scale. 

Prof. Cotterril, in his " Steam Engine," uses Dixon's formulas and some of his 
tables as embodying the " utmost accuracy." 

It will not be out of place to state that since Regnault made the report referred to, 
that data has been accepted by the most prominent among the scientists, and is still 
so accepted, and the care with which Regnault finished his work has been considered 
as one of the best of reasons why his results remain unquestioned. Following Regnault, 
and we have in the line of critics who were following out the same investigations, or 
comparing them with others, Rankine, William Thompson, Clausius, Rontgen, Zeuner, 
Hirn, Tyndall, and many others, almost all of whom have confirmed Regnault so far 
as they have gone or could go in the work in hand. Later on, in 1862, Regnault issued 
volume 2 of "Experiences" and while his work was finished in 1865, in the laboratory, 
the final, or volume 3, did not appear until 1870. 

These volumes have been taken in preference to any others, as they are later, and 
have been reviewed by Regnault, and some corrections made after their first appearance, 
and this fact, in connection with Dixon's work, should make the tables in this volume 
as near the correct data as our knowledge permits. 

Each single degree was recomputed, after "Steam Tables and Engine Constants " 
had been published, and the rest of the table was computed from point to point, 
in irregular intervals, in order to prevent any use of constants or comparisons, then 
checked, and will be found much more accurate than the most of steam tables. 

The " heat of steam " has been extended, so that in differences the third place is 
practically correct, in order to read the temperature of steam in interpolation to the 
third or hundredths, and thus in final to compute to second with close approximation. 

A table of four place logs will be found for convenience, not because the author is 
in any way an advocate of two or three place logs, or of such computations, but for 
simple test computations, and to have all numbers on the same page. It is usually 
stated that we do not have any data on the heat of steam nearer than first place 
decimal (?) — the original data at once contradicts this supposition, and in these pages the 
original data is given for the {H) total heat of steam, while for (L) latent heat of steam, 
the original is given, and the intermediate or decimals are computed to follow interpo- 
lation checks, as is also the (/z) or heat of the liquid from which the steam is made. 

This work is intended principally for the men who need some aid in use of formulae 
and who have not had educational advantages, but either class will, if attention is given 
to the examples, find it easy to arrive at a correct computation of the results of a calori- 
meter test, having correct data in hand to work from — and in any case accuracy is 
offered. 

The computation methods followed have been submitted to some of the best mathe- 
maticians and in all cases are pronounced absolutely correct, and of the accuracy of 
the tables there can be no legitimate doubt, unless in some case of very slight error. 

All the computation work was done by the author and his son, Robert G., and in 
strictest conformity to data and formulae as stated. 

P. O. Box 2728. Boston, March 16, 1897. Thos. Pray, Jr. 



REFERENCE TO THE COLUMNS OF THE TABLES. 

Temperature of the Steam in F°. — The left-hand column is the temperature of the 
steam at pressure, or at absolute pressure in next column under P — (upon the supposi- 
tion that the steam is without either water or superheat) for each one-tenth degree F. 

Absolute Pressure in Lbs. per Square Inch. — This column contains the pressure which 
should correspond to the temperature in degrees F., in the left-hand column of the 
table, and on the same supposition of no water or superheat present. 

Total Heat of Steam from 32 F. — (H.) This column shows the total heat of the 
steam at P y or absolute pressure, above 32 , or temperature of melting ice, and in any 
computation needs no correction. Use the figures as found opposite any pressure P, or 
opposite any temperature in left-hand column. 

Latent Heat of Steam from 32° F. — (L.) This column shows the latent heat, or heat 
of vaporization, as it is also called, in steam of pressure P, or temperature of left-hand 
column, and is also from 32 , and needs no correction when used in any computations. 

Heat Units in Water from 32° F. — (h.) Under (h) is found the heat units in water 
from which steam is made, at P, and this quantity has many names, or is variously 
referred to in different works. This column is used in all calorimeter work and for the 
higher pressure usually, and is the same practically as the table on page 55, but that 
table is for water, and from 32 to 212 F., or from " melting ice to boiling water," or to 
steam at atmospheric pressure, (h) will be found more fully treated of in the examples, 
and it is trusted that a little effort will soon show precisely the use of it ; between the 
left-hand column and this one of (h) at same line of pressure there is a difference, which 
is nearly 32 at 212, and this difference grows less as the pressure increases. 

Pressure in Inches of Mercury. — This column is the exact equivalent of the column 
under P, and by its use the barometer reading is instantly and correctly reduced to 
pounds per square inch. Find the barometer reading and run across the page on same 
line, finding the pressure P, without any computation and with precision ; the mercury 
is supposed to be at 32 F. in this use of its height. 

Table of Heat Units in Feed Water. — (Page 55.) This table contains the same data as 
does the column under (h), but page 55, temperatures are for feed water, or water used 
without any pressure, and at temperatures less than at the boiling point, and in calori- 
meter uses this table is used for heat units in the water ; with the barrel, it is used 
for both initial and final temperatures — in boiler tests it is used from which to compute 
"Factor of Evaporation" (complete tables of which can be found in the author's 
"Steam Tables and Engine Constants") and for the " Factor of Equivalent Evapora- 
tion," or any other use where the heat in water, at the ordinary temperatures, is 
required. 

The heat units in the water, and the temperature of the water, are often con- 
founded, and this is more fully explained in working the examples in what follows the 
calorimeters, and it will be found that the heat units used are those contained in the 
apparent temperature, or if we have water at 48 F., look on page 55, and find that the 
heat units in water which has a thermometer temperature of 48 F., are 16.0032 — and 
this last amount is what we compute in all calorimeters, when finding the quality of 



PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 7 

steam. If we find thermometer reading 172 F.,at end of a trial by barrel, on page 55, 
we shall find heat units for 172 as 140.478 — and this last is the amount used under /' — 
in the examples. And this is one of the beauties of the F. scale, " which starts in a 
blunder" — and usually all tables have to be corrected 32 in the various heats of steam, 
but that is not the case in this volume with any quantity given. 

(h) is required for water as well as for steam ; if wanted for any pressure up to the 
limit of the tables, find it under column {k) on same line as required P. 

(h) — if wanted for water in ordinary use and not under pressure, find it on page 55, 
and the two tables are connected thus — page 55 is the same quantity without pressure 
and up to the boiling point, as in the table from pages 8 to 54, under pressure. 

Having a pressure of 161 lbs. per square inch, we find (Ji) on page 38 for 161.03020 
lbs. and {h) is 336.41358, and the left-hand column tells us that the temperature of the 
steam is 363. 8° F., while the water from which the steam is made has in it the amount 
of heat under (/?), and thus for any pressure or temperature wanted. 

And the quantities given in the tables are all that are required to make correct 
calorimeter computations in any actual work where the purpose is to ascertain exact 
conditions under which steam is made or used. 



PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



Temperature 

of the Steam. 

IPo 


Absolute 

pressure in lbs, 

sq. in. 

IP 


Total heat 
from 32 F. 


Latent heat 
from 3 2 F. 


Heat units in 

the water from 

32° F. 


Pressure in 
inches of Mer- 
cury. 


212° 


14.69636 


1146.60 


965.7000 


180.9000 


29.9206 




i 


.725754 


.63' 


.62859 


.90141 


. 98044 




2 


.755148 


.66 


.55718 


.90282 


30.04028 




3 


.784542 


.69 


.48577 


.90423 


.10012 




4 


.813936 


.72 


.41436 


.90564 


.15996 




5 


•84333 


.75 


.34295 


• 90705 


.21980 




6 


.872724 


.78 


.27154 


.90846 


.27964 




7 


.902118 


.81 


.20013 


.90987 


•33948 




8 


.931512 


.84 


. 12872 


.91128 


•39932 




9 


. 960906 


.87 


.05731 


.91269 


.45916 


213 


° 


14.990300 


1146.90 


964.98590 


181.9141 


80.51900 




i 


15.02027 


• 93 


.91449 


2.01551 


.57996 




2 


.05024 


.96 


.84308 


.11692 


. 64092 




3 


.08021 


•99 


.77167 


.21833 


.70188 




4 


. 11018 


1147.02 


. 70026 


.31974 


.76284 




5 


.14015 


•05 


.62885 


.42115 


.82380 




5 


. 17012 


.08 


•55744 


.52256 


.88476 




7 


. 20009 


.11 


.48603 


.62397 


.94572 




8 


.23006 


.14 


.41462 


.72538 


31.00668 




9 


. 26003 


• 17 


•34321 


.82679 


.06764 


214 


o 


15.29000 


1147.20 


964.27180 


182.9282 


31.12860 




I 


.32030 


.23 


. 20039 


3.. 02961 


. i9 34 




2 


.35060 


.26 


.12898 


.13102 


.25208 




3 


. 38090 


.29 


.05757 


.23243 


.31382 




4 


.41120 


.32 


963.98616 


.33384 


.37556 




5 


.44150 


•35 


•91475 


•43525 


.43730 




6 


.47180 


.38 


.84334 


.53666 


•49904 




7 


.50210 


•41 


.77193 


•63807 


.56078 




8 


.53240 


•44 


.70052 


. 73948 


.62252 




9 


.56270 


•47 


.62911 


. 84089 


.68426 


215 


o 


15 59300 


1147.50 


963.557700 


18394230 


31.74600 




I 


•62385 


•53 


.48629 


4.04371 


.80883 




2 


.65470 


.56 


.41488 


.14512 


•87166 




3 


.68555 


•59 


•34347 


.24653 


•93449 




4 


.71640 


.62 


.27206 


• 34794 


.99732 




5 


•74725 


.65 


.20065 


•44935 


32.06015 




6 


.77810 


.68 


.12924 


.55076 


.12298 




7 


.80895 


•7i 


•05783 


.65217 


.18581 




8 


.^3980 


• 74 


962.98642 


.75358 


. 24864 




9 


•87065 


• 77 


.91501 


.85499 


.31147 


216 


o 


15.90150 


1147.80 


962.84360 


184.95640 


32.37430 




I 


•93335 


.83 


.77219 


5.05781 


.43912 




2 


.96520 


.86 


. 70078 


.15922 


• 50394 




3 


•99705 


.89 


.62937 


. 26063 


.56876 




4 


16.02890 


•92 


.55796 


. 36204 


.63358 




5 


.06075 


•95 


.48655 


.46345 


.69840 




.6 


.09260 


.98 


.41514 


. 56486 


.76322 




7 


.12445 


1148.01 


•34373 


.66627 


.82804 




.8 


.15630 


.04 


.27232 


.76768 


.89286 




•9 


.18815 


.07 


.20091 


. 87909 


.95768 



PR A Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



£ s 


09 


3 h" 


<L> 


c 2 

— s 




Temperat 
of the Ste 


a 


■2 °"u 


Si 


"3 1. fe £ 




217° 


16.220000 


1U8.1000 


962.12950 


185.97050 33 


02250 


.1 


.25183 


•13 


.05805 


6.07191 


08730 


.2 


.28366 


.16 


961.98667 


•17332 


15210 


•3 


•31549 


.19 


.91526 


•27473 


21690 


• 4 


.34732 


.22 


.84385 


-37614 


28170 


•5 


•37915 


•25 


• 77244 


•47755 


34650 


.6 


.41098 


.28 


.70103 


.57896 


41130 


• 7 


.44281 


•31 


.62962 


.68037 


47610 


.8 


.47464 


•34 


•55821 


.78178 


54090 


•9 


.50647 


.37 


.48680 


.88319 


60570 


218.° 


16.538300 


1148.40000 


961.4154 


186.9846 33 


6705 


.i 


.570630 


• 43 


.34400 


7.08601 


73635 


.2 


.60296 


.46 


.27259 


.18742 


80220 


• 3 


•63529 


• 49 


.20118 


.28883 


86805 


•4 


.66762 


.52 


.12977 


.39024 


93390 


•5 


.69995 


• 55 


.05836 


.49165 


99975 


.6 


.73228 


.58 


960.98695 


.59306 34 


06560 


•7 


.76461 


.61 


.91554 


.69447 


I3I45 


.8 


•79694 


.64 


.84413 


.795S8 


19730 


•9 


.82927 


•67 


.77272 


.89729 


26315 


219° 


16.86160 


1148.7000 


960.70130 


187.9987 34 


32900 


. i 


•89444 


• 73 


.62989 


8. iooii 


3958 


.2 


.92728 


• 76 


.55848 


.20152 


4626 


• 3 


.96012 


•79 


.48707 


•30293 


5294 


•4 


.99296 


.82 


.41566 


•40434 


5962 


• 5 


17.02580 


.85 


.34425 


50575 


6630 


.6 


.05864 


.88 


.27284 


.60716 


7298 


• 7 


.09148 


.91 


•20143 


.70857 


7966 


.8 


.12432 


•94 


. 13002 


.80998 


8634 


•9 


.15716 


•97 


960.05861 


•9"39 


9302 


220° 


17.19000 


11490000 


959.9872 


189.0128 34 


.99700 


.i 


.2238 


• 03 


.91579 


.11421 5 


06583 


.2 


•2576 


.06 


.84438 


.21562 


13466 


• 3 


.2914 


.09 


.77297 


.31703 


20349 


.4 


.3252 


. 12 


.70156 


.41844 


27232 


• 5 


.3590 


15 


.63015 


.51985 


.34"5 


.6 


.3928 


.18 


.55874 


.62126 


40998 


•7 


.4266 


.21 


•48733 


.72267 


.47881 


.8 


.4604 


.24 


.41592 


.82408 


54764 


•9 


.4942 


.27 


•34451 


•92549 


61647 


221° 


17528000 


1149.300 


959.2731 


190.0269 35 


.68530 


.1 


.5618 


• 33 


.20169 


.12831 


75417 


.2 


•5956 


• 36 


. 13028 


.22972 


.82304 


•3 


.6294 


•39 


.05887 


.33113 


89191 


•4 


.6632 


.42 


958.98746 


•43254 


96078 


• 5 


.6970 


• 45 


.91605 


•53395 6 


02965 


.6 


.7308 


.48 


. 84464 


•63536 


09852 


• 7 


.7646 


•5i 


•77323 


•73677 


16739 


.8 


.7984 


• 54 


.70182 


.83818 


23626 


•9 


.8322 


•57 


.63041 


•93959 


30513 



IO 



PR A Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



Temperature 

of the Steam. 

Ifo 


Absolute 

pressure in lbs. 

sq. ia. 


Total heat 
from 3 2 F. 


Latent heat 
from 3 2 F. 


Heat units in 

the water from 

32° F. 


Pressure in 
inches of Mer- 
cury. 


£22. ° 


17.8660 


1149.6000 


958.5590 


191.0410 


36.37400 




. i 


.9008 


.63 


.48769 


.14241 


. 44480 




.2 


• 9356 


.66 


.41638 


.24382 


.51560 




•3 


.9704 


.69 


•34507 


.34523 


.58640 




•4 


18.0052 


.72 


.27376 


.44664 


.65720 




•5 


.0400 


• 75 


.20245 


• 54805 


.7280 




.6 


.0748 


.78 


.13114 


. 64946 


.7988 




• 7 


. 1096 


.81 


•05983 


•75087 


.8696 




.8 


.1444 


.84 


958.98852 


.85228 


•9404 




• 9 


.1792 


.87 


.91721 


•95369 


7.0112 


223 


o 


18.21400 


1149.9000 


957.84590 


192.05510 


37.0820 




I 


.24925 


• 93 


• 77449 


.15651 


.1538 




2 


.28450 


.96 


• 70308 


.25792 


.2256 




3 


•31975 


.99 


.63167 


•35933 


.2974 




4 


•35500 


50.02 


. 56026 


.46074 


.3692 




5 


•39025 


•05 


.48885 


.56215 


.4410 




6 


•42550 


.08 


.41744 


•66356 


.5128 




7 


.46075 


.11 


.34603 


• 76497 


.5846 




8 


.49600 


.14 


.27462 


.86638 


.6564 




9 


•53125 


•17 


.20321 


.96779 


.7282 


224 





18.56650 


1150.200 


957.1318 


193.06920 


37.8000 




I 


.60225 


.23 


.06029 


.17061 


•8727 




2 


.63800 


.26 


956.98878 


.27202 


•9454 




3 


•07375 


.29 


.91727 


•37343 


38.0181 




4 


. 70950 


•32 


.84576 


.47484 


.0908 




5 


•74525 


•35 


.77425 


.57625 


.1635 




6 


.78100 


• 38 


• 70274 


.67766 


.2362 




7 


.81675 


.41 


.63123 


.77907 


.3089 




8 


.85250 


.44 


•55972 


.88048 


.3816 




9 


.88825 


• 47 


.48821 


.98189 . 


• 4543 


225 


o 


18.92400 


1150.500 


956.4167 


194.08330 


38.5270 




I 


.96027 


•53 


•34529 


.18471 


. 60093 




2 


.99654 


.56 


.27388 


.28612 


.67486 




3 


19.03281 


•59 


. 20247 


•38753 


.74879 




4 


.06908 


.62 


.13106 


.48894 


.82272 




5 


.10535 


.65 


.05965 


•59035 


.89665 




6 


.14162 


.68 


955.98824 


.69176 


.97058 




7 


.17789 


•7i 


.91683 


•79317 


39-o445i 




8 


.21416 


•74 


.84542 


.89458 


. 1 1844 




9 


.25043 


•77 


.77401 


•99599 


.19237 


22G. 


o 


19.28670 


1150.800 


955.7026 


195.0974 


39.2663 




I 


•32343 


.83 


.63119 


.19881 


.34107 




2 


.36016 


.86 


•55978 


.20022 


.41584 




3 


.39689 


.89 


.48837 


.30163 


.49061 




4 


.43362 


.92 


.41696 


.40304 


.56538 




5 


.47035 


• 95 


•34555 


• 50445 


.64015 




6 


.50708 


.98 


.27414 


.60586 


.71492 




7 


.54381 


51.01 


.20273 


•70727 


.78969 




8 


•58054 


.04 


.13132 


•80868 


. 86446 


•9 


.61727 


.07 


955-0599 1 


.91009 


.93923 



PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



ir 



8 s 


09 

.a 




h* r " 


c S 


a £ 


Temperatu 
of the Stea: 

IPO 


Absolute 
pressure in 1 
sq in. 
IP 


Total hea 
from 32 r 


Latent he: 
from 32 r 


Heat units 
the water f r 
32° F. 


Pressure i 

inches of M 
cury. 


227.° 


19.65400 


1151.100 


954.98850 


196.1115 


40 0140 




i 


.69122 


•13 


.91709 


,21291 


.0898 




2 


.72844 


.16 


.84568 


031432 


.1656 




3 


.76566 


.19 


•77427 


•41573 


.2414 




4 


.80288 


.22 


. 70286 


.51714 


.3172 




5 


.84010 


•25 


•63145 


.61855 


•393o 




6 


•87732 


.28 


. 56004 


.71996 


.4688 




7 


.91454 


• 31 


.48863 


.82137 


•5446 




8 


.95176 


• 34 


.41722 


.92278 


.6204 




9 


.98898 


• 37 


.34581 


197.02419 


.6962 


228 


o 


2002620 


1151400 


954.2744 


197.12560 


407720 




[ 


.06443 


-43 


. 20299 


.22701 


.8498 




2 


.10266 


.46 


.13158 


.32842 


.9276 




3 


. 14089 


•49 


.06017 


.42983 


41.0054 




4 


.17912 


.52 


953.98876 


.53124 


.0832 




5 


.21735 


• 55 


•91735 


.63265 


.1616 




6 


.25558 


.58 


.84594 


.73406 


.2388 




7 


.29381 


.61 


•77453 


•83547 


.3166 




8 


.33204 


.64 


.70312 


.93688 


•3944 




9 


.37027 


.67 


.63171 


198.03829 


.4722 


229 


° 


20.40850 


1151.700 


953.5603 


198.13970 


41.5500 




r 


.44720 


• 73 


.48889 


.24111 


.6288 




2 


.48590 


.76 


.41748 


•34252 


.7076 




3 


.52460 


•79 


•34607 


•44393 


.7864 




4 


.56330 


.82 


.27466 


•54534 


.8652 




5 


. 60200 


•85 


.20325 


.64675 


.9440 




6 


.64070 


.88 


.13184 


.74816 


42.0228 




7 


.6794 


.91 


. 06043 


.84957 


.1016 




8 


.7181 


• 94 


952.98902 


.95098 


.1804 




9 


.7568 


■97 


.91761 


199.05239 


.2592 


230 





20.7955 


1152.000 


952.8462 


199.15380 


42.3380 




I 


•83470 


.031 


•77555 


•25545 


.4178 




2 


.87390 


.062 


. 70490 


•357io 


.4976 




3 


.91310 


.093 


.63425 


.45875 


• 5774 




4 


.95230 


.124 


•56360 


. 56040 


.6572 




5 


.99150 


.155 


.49295 


.66205 


• 737o 




6 


21.0307 


.186 


.42230 


.76370 


.8168 




7 


.0699 


.217 


•35165 


•86535 


.8966 




8 


.1091 


.248 


.28100 


.96700 


.9764 




9 


.1483 


.279 


.21035 


200.06865 


43.0562 


231 


o 


21.1875 


1152.310 


952.13970 


200.1703 


43.1360 




I 


.22715 


•34i 


.06905 


.27195 


.2167 




2 


.26680 


.372 


951.99840 


.37360 


.2974 




3 


.30645 


.403 


.92775 


.47525 


.3781 




4 


.34610 


• 434 


•8571 


■57690 


.4588 




5 


•38575 


.465 


.78645 


.67855 


• 5395 




6 


.4254 


• 496 


.71580 


.78020 


.6202 




7 


.46505 


.527 


•64515 


.88185 


.7009 




8 


• 5047 


.558 


•5745o 


.98350 


.7816 


•9 


•54435 


•589 


•50385 


201.08515 


.8623 



12 



PR A Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



:mperature 
the Steam, f 


Absolute 
ssure in lbs. 
sq. in. 
IP 


« fa 
u 1 


atent heat 
om 32 F. 


:at units in 
water from 
32 F. 


ressure in 
hes of Mer 
cury. 


H«S 


a- 


n J; 


►J £ 


X | 


* 1 


232° 


21.5840 


1152.620 


951.4332 


201.1868 


43.9430 




i 


.62468 


.651 


•36255 


.28845 


44.02583 




2 


.66536 


.682 


.29190 


.39010 


.10866 




3 


. 70604 


• 713 


.22125 


•49*75 


.19149 




4 


.74672 


•744 


.15060 


• 59340 


.27432 




5 


.78740 


•775 


.07995 


•69505 


•35715 




6 


. 82808 


.806 


.00930 


.79670 


.43998 




7 


.86876 


.837 


950.93865 


.89835 


.52281 




8 


. 90944 


.868 


.86800 


202 . 00000 


.60564 




9 


.95012 


.899 


•79735 


.10165 


.68847 


233 





21.99080 


1152.930 


950.72670 


202.2033 


44.7713 




I 


22.03147 


.961 


.65605 


.30495 


.85412 




2 


.07214 


.992 


•58540 


.40660 


.93694 




3 


.11281 


3.023 


.51475 


.50825 


45.01976 




4 


•15348 


.054 


.44410 


. 60990 


.10258 




5 


.19415 


.085 


•37345 


•7ii55 


.18540 




6 


.23482 


.116 


. 30280 


.81320 


.26822 




7 


•27549 


.147 


.23215 


.91485 


.35104 




8 


.31616 


.178 


.16150 


203.01650 


•43386 




9 


.35683 


.209 


.09085 


.11815 


.51668 


234 


° 


22.39750 


1153.240 


950.0202 


203.21980 


45.5995 




i 


•43915 


.271 


949-94955 


•32145 


.68428 




2 


.48080 


.302 


.87890 


.42310 


. 76906 




3 


.52245 


•333 


.80825 


.52475 


.85384 




4 


.56410 


.364 


.7376o 


. 62640 


.93862 




5 


•60575 


•395 


.66695 


.72805 


46.02340 




6 


.64740 


.426 


•59630 


.82970 


.10818 




7 


.68905 


• 457 


.52565 


•93135 


.19296 




8 


.73070 


.488 


•455oo 


204.03300 


•27774 




9 


•77235 


.519 


•38435 


.13465 


.36252 


235 


o 


22.814000 


1153.550 


949.3137 


204.23630 


46.4473 




I 


.85657 


.581 


.24315 


•33795 


•53397 




2 


.89914 


.612 


.17240 


.43960 


.62064 




3 


.94171 


• 643 


.10185 


.54125 


.70731 




4 


.98428 


• 674 


.03100 


. 64290 


.79398 




5 


23.02685 


.705 


948.96055 


74455 


.88065 




6 


.C6942 


• 736 


.88980 


. 84620 


.96732 




7 


.11199 


.767 


.81915 


•94785 


47.05399 




8 


.15456 


.798 


.74850 


205.04950 


. 14066 




9 


•19713 


.829 


.67785 


.I5"5 


.22733 


236 


o 


23.23970 


1153.860 


948.6072 


205.2528 


47.31400 




I 


.28236 


.891 


•53655 


.35445 


.4009 




2 


.32502 


.924 


.46590 


.45610 


.4878 




3 


.36768 


• 955 


•39525 


•55775 


•5747 




4 


.41034 


.986 


.32460 


.65940 


.6616 




• 5 


•453oo 


54-017 


.25395 


.76105 


•7485 




.6 


.49566 


.048 


.18330 


.86270 


.8354 




•7 


.53832 


.079 


.11265 


•96435 


• 9223 




.8 


.58098 


.110 


948 . 04200 


206.06600 


48.0092 




•9 


.62364 


.141 


947-97135 


,16765 


.0961 



PRATS CALORIMETER TABLES. 



13 



a s 


J3 


■" CxJ 


« fe 


a E 
'— 


C V 


3 rt 


W ~ 


cfl ^ 




* £ 


— g 


Temperat 
of the Ste 

IPO 


0. 




■3 ° N 
s s 


3 % °„ ^ 


3 "o u 

a </> 3 
* J 


237° 


23.66630 


1154.170 


9479007 


206.2693 


48.1830 


. 1 


•7099 


.201 


.82995 


-37095 


.27174 


.2 


• 7535 


.232 


.75920 


.47260 


. 36048 


•3 


.7971 


.263 


.68845 


.57425 


.44922 


•4 


.8407 


.294 


.61770 


.67590 


.53796 


•5 


.8843 


•325 


• 54695 


•77755 


.62670 


.6 


.9279 


.356 


.47620 


.87920 


.71544 


•7 


•9715 


.387 


•40545 


.98085 


.80418 


.8 


24.0151 


.418 


•3347o 


207.08250 


.89292 


•9 


.0587 


•449 


.26395 


.18415 


.98166 


238.° 


24.10230 


1154.480 


947.19320 


207.2858 


49.0704 


.1 


.14678 


.511 


.12265 


•38745 


.16106 


.2 


.19126 


• 542 


.05210 


.48910 


.25172 


•3 


.23574 


• 573 


946.98155 


* 59075 


•34238 


• 4 


.28022 


.604 


.91100 


.69240 


.43304 


• 5 


.32470 


.635 


.84045 


• 79405 


•52370 


.6 


.36918 


.666 


. 76990 


.89570 


.61436 


• 7 


.41366 


.697 


.69935 


•99735 


.70502 


.3 


•45814 


.728 


.62880 


208.09900 


.79568 


•9 


.50262 


• 759 


.55825 


. 20065 


.88634 


239° 


24.54710 


1154.790 


946.48770 


20830230 


49.97700 


.1 


•59174 


.821 


.41705 


•40395 


50.0678 


.2 


.63638 


.852 


. 34640 


. 50560 


.1586 


• 3 


.68102 


.883 


•27575 


.60725 


.2494 


• 4 


.73566 


•9*4 


.20510 


. 70890 


.3402 


•5 


.78030 


• 945 


.13445 


.81055 


.4310 


.6 


.82494 


.976 


.06380 


.91220 


.5218 


•7 


.86958 


1155.007 


945.99315 


209.01385 


.6126 


.8 


.91422 


.038 


.92250 


•11550 


.7034 


•9 


.95886 


.069 


.85185 


.21715 


•7942 


240 ° 


24.9935 


1155.100 


945.78120 


2093188 


50.8850 


.1 


25.0391 


•131 


.71055 


.42045 


•97782 


.2 


.0847 


.162 


.63990 


.52210 


51.07064 


•3 


.1303 


.193 


.56925 


.62375 


. 16346 


• 4 


•1759 


.224 


.49860 


.72540 


.25628 


• 5 


.2215 


• 255 


.42795 


.82705 


.34910 


.6 


.2671 


.286 


.35730 


.92870 


.44192 


•7 


.3127 


•3i7 


.28665 


210.03035 


•53474 


.8 


•3583 


.348 


.21600 


. 13200 


.62756 


•9 


•4039 


•379 


•14535 


•23365 


.72038 


241° 


25.4495 


1155.410 


9450747 


210.3353 


51.8132 


. 1 


.49605 


.441 


.00405 


•43695 


.90798 


.2 


. 54260 


.472 


944.93340 


.53860 


52.00276 


•3 


.58915 


•503 


.86275 


.64025 


•09754 


•4 


•6357 


•534 


.79210 


.74190 


.19232 


• 5 


.68225 


.565 


•72145 


•84355 


.29710 


.6 


.7288 


.596 


.65080 


.94520 


.30188 


• 7 


•77535 


.627 


58015 


211.04685 


. 39666 


.8 


.82190 


.658 


.50950 


.14850 


.40144 


•9 


.86845 


.689 


.43885 


.25015 


.49622 



H 



PRATS CALORIMETER TABLES. 



imperature 
the Steam. 
3TO 


Absolute 
ssure in lbs. 
sq. in. 


otal heat 
om 32 F. 


3 a 

a O 


.si 


ressure in 
hes of Mer- 
cury. 




2 

a 


H £ 


j a 


K| 


* § 


242° 


25.9150 


1155.720 


944.3682 


211.35180 


52.7610 




i 


.96202 


• 75i 


.29755 


.45345 


.8567 




2 


26 . 00904 


.782 


.22690 


•555io 


. -9524 




3 


.05606 


.813 


.15625 


.65675 


53-0481 




4 


.10308 


• 844 


.08560 


.75840 


.1438 




5 


.15010 


.875 


•01495 


. 86005 


.2395 




6 


.19712 


.906 


943-94430 


.96170 


• 3352 




7 


.24414 


• 937 


.87365 


212.06335 


.4309 




8 


.29116 


.968 


. 80300 


.16500 


.5266 




9 


.33818 


•999 


.73235 


. 26665 


.6223 


243° 


26.3852 


1156.030 


943.6617 


212.3683 


53.7180 


.i 


.43271 


.061 


•59105 


.46995 


.81472 




2 


.48022 


.092 


.52040 


.57160 


.91144 




3 


•52773 


.123 


•44975 


.67325 


54.00816 




4 


•57524 


.154 


.37910 


.77490 


.10488 




5 


■62275 


.185 


.30845 


.87655 


.20160 




6 


.67026 


.216 


.23780 


.97820 


.29832 




7 


.71777 


.247 


.16725 


213.07985 


.39504 




8 


.76528 


.278 


.09650 


.18150 


.49176 




9 


.81279 


.309 


.02585 


.28315 


.58848 


244 





26.8603 


1156.3400 


942.9552 


213.3848 


54.6852 




I 


.90878 


• 371 


•88455 


.48645 


.78392 




2 


.95728 


.402 


.81390 


.58810 


.88264 




3 


27.00574 


•433 


• 74325 


.68975 


.98136 




4 


.05422 


.464 


.67260 


.79140 


55.08008 




5 


.10270 


• 495 


.60195 


.89305 


.17880 




6 


.15118 


.526 


.53130 


.99470 


.27752 




7 


. 19966 


•557 


.46065 


214.09635 


.37624 




8 


.24814 


.588 


. 39000 


. 1 9800 


.47496 




9 


. 29662 


.619 


•31935 


.29965 


.57368 


245 


o 


27.3451 


1156.6500 


942.2487 


214.4013 


55.6724 




I 


• 39409 


.681 


.17805 


• 50295 


.72216 




2 


.44308 


.712 


. 10740 


. 60460 


.87192 




3 


.49207 


• 743 


.03675 


• 70625 


.97168 




4 


.54106 


•774 


941.96610 


.80790 


56.07144 




5 


• 59005 


.805 


•89545 


.90955 


.17120 




6 


.63904 


.836 


.82480 


215.01120 


.27096 




7 


.68803 


.867 


•75415 


.11285 


.37072 




8 


.73702 


.898 


.68350 


.21450 


.47048 




9 


.78601 


.929 


.61285 


.31615 


.57024 


246 





2783500 


1156.960 


941.5422 


21541780 


56.6700 




I 


.88450 


.991 


•47155 


.51945 


•7707 




2 


.93400 


1157.022 


. 40090 


.62110 


.8714 




3 


.98350 


• 053 


•33025 


.72275 


.9721 




4 


28.03300 


.084 


.25960 


.82440 


57-0728 




5 


.08250 


.115 


.18895 


. 92605 


• 1735 




6 


.13200 


.146 


.11830 


216.02770 


.2742 




7 


. 18150 


.177 


.04765 


.12935 


• 3749 




8 


.23100 


.208 


940.97700 


.23100 


.4756 




9 


.28050 


• 239 


.90635 


.33265 


.5763 



PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



15 



Temperature 
of the Steam. 

jro 


Absolute 

pressure in lbs. 

sq in. 

IP 


Total heat 
from 32 F. 


4) fM 
43 

31 


Heat units in 

the water from 

32° F. 


Pressure in 
inches of Mer- 
cury. 


247° 


28.3300 


1157270 


940.8357 


216.4343 


57.6770 




1 


.3S090 


.301 


.76505 


•53595 


.7807 




2 


.43180 


• 332 


.69440 


.63760 


.8844 




3 


.48270 


•363 


.62375 


•73925 


.9881 




4 


•5336o 


•394 


.55310 


. 84090 


58.0918 




5 


.58450 


•425 


.48245 


•94255 


.1955 




6 


•63540 


•456 


.41180 


217.04420 


.2992 




7 


.68630 


.487 


.34115 


•14585 


.4029 




8 


.73720 


.518 


.27050 


.24750 


.5066 




9 


.78810 


•549 


.19985 


•34915 


.6103 


248. 





28.8390 


1157.58 


940.1292 


217.4508 


58.7140 




1 


.88998 


.61 


.05729 


•55271 


.8178 




2 


. 94096 


.64 


939.98538 


.65462 


.9216 




3 


.99194 


.67 


•91347 


.75653 


59-0254 




4 


29 04292 


.70 


.84156 


.85844 


.1292 




5 


.09390 


•73 


•76965 


•96035 


.2330 




6 


.14488 


.76 


.69774 


218.06226 


.3368 




7 


.19586 


• 79 


.62583 


.16417 


.4406 




8 


.24684 


.82 


.55392 


. 26608 


•5444 




9 


.29782 


.85 


.46201 


•36799 


.6482 


249 





29.3488 


1157.88 


939.4101 


218.4699 


59.7520 




1 


.40075 


• qi 


.33819 


.57181 


•85774 




2 


.45270 


•94 


.26628 


•67372 


.96348 




3 


•50465 


•97 


•19437 


•77563 


60.06922 




4 


.55660 


8.00 


.12246 


.89754 


.17496 




5 


.60855 


•03 


.05055 


•97945 


.28070 




6 


.66050 


.06 


938.97864 


219.08136 


.38644 




7 


.71245 


.09 


.90673 


.18327 


.49218 




8 


. 76440 


.12 


.83482 


.28518 


.59792 




9 


.81635 


•15 


.76291 


•38709 


. 70366 


250 





29.8683 


1158.18 


9386910 


2194890 


608094 




1 


.92117 


.21 


.61909 


.59^91 


.91706 




.2 


.97404 


.24 


•547i8 


.69282 


61.02472 




■3 


30.02691 


.27 


•47527 


•79473 


.13238 




4 


.07978 


•30 


.40336 


.89664 


. 24004 




5 


.13265 


•33 


•33145 


•99855 


.34770 




.6 


.1S552 


.36 


' .25954 


220.10046 


•45536 




•7 


.23839 


•39 


.18763 


.20237 


.56302 




.8 


.29126 


.42 


.11572 


.30428 


.67068 




•9 


•34413 


•45 


.04381 


.40619 


.77834 


251 





30.3970 


1158.48 


937.9719 


220.5081 


61.8860 




.1 


.4504 


•51 


.89999 


.61001 


•9947 




.2 


.5038 


•54 


.82808 


.71192 


62.1034 




•3 


• 5572 


• 57 


.75617 


.81383 


.2121 




• 4 


.6106 


.60 


.68426 


•91574 


.3208 




•5 


.6640 


.63 


.61235 


221 .01765 


•4295 




.6 


.7174 


.66 


• 54044 


.11956 


.5382 




•7 


.7708 


.69 


.46853 


.22147 


.6469 




.8 


.8242 


• 72 


. 39662 


•32338 


•7556 




•9 


.8776 


•75 


.32471 


•42529 


.8643 



PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



S 6 

3 rt 

S -^ 


o 


Absolute 

pressure in lbs. 

sq. in. 

IP 


Total heat 
from 32 F. 


Latent heat 

from 32 F. 

Hi 


Heat units in 

the water from 

3 2 ° F. 


Pressure in 
inches of Mer- 
cury. 


252.° 


30.9310 


1158.78 


937.2528 


221.5272 


62.9730 




I 


.98536 


.81 


.18089 


.62911 


63.08366 




2 


31.03972 


.84 


.10898 


.73102 


• 19432 




•3 


. 09408 


.87 


.03707 


•83293 


.30498 




4 


. 14844 


.90 


936.96516 


.93484 


•41564 




5 


.20280 


•93 


.89325 


222.03675 


.52530 




6 


.25716 


.96 


.82134 


.13866 


.63596 




7 


•31152 


•99 


•74943 


.24057 


.74662 




8 


.36588 


9.02 


.67752 


. 34248 


.85728 




9 


.42024 


.05 


.60561 


•44439 


•96;94 


253 


o 


31.4746 


1159.08 


936.5337 


222.5463 


64.0796 




I 


.5295 


.11 


•46179 


.64821 


.19138 




2 


.5844 


.14 


.38988 


.75012 


.30316 




3 


.6393 


•17 


•31797 


.85203 


.41494 




4 


.6942 


.20 


. 24606 


•95394 


.52672 




5 


.7491 


.23 


.17415 


223.05585 


.63850 




6 


.8040 


.26 


.10224 


.15776 


.75028 




7 


.8589 


.29 


.03033 


.25967 


.86206 




8 


.9138 


• 32 


935.95842 


.36158 


•97384 




9 


.9687 


• 35 


.88651 


•46349 


65.08562 


254 


o 


32.0236 


1159.38 


935.8146 


223.5654 


65.1974 




I 


.07946 


.41 


.74269 


•66731 


.31112 




2 


.13532 


•44 


.67078 


.76922 


.42484 




3 


.19118 


• 47 


.59887 


.87113 


.53856 




4 


.24704 


.50 


.52696 


.97304 


.65228 




5 


. 30290 


• 53 


.45505 


224.07495 


. 76600 




6 


.35876 


.56 


•38314 


.17686 


.87972 




7 


.41462 


• 59 


.31123 


•27877 


•99344 




8 


.47048 


.62 


.23932 


.38068 


66.10716 




9 


•52634 


.65 


.16741 


.48259 


.22088 


255 


o 


32.5822 


1159.68 


935.0955 


224.5845 


66.3346 




I 


.6385 


•71 


•02359 


.68641 


.44924 




2 


.6948 


•74 


934.95168 


.78832 


.56388 




3 


• 75ii 


• 77 


•87977 


.89023 


.67852 




4 


.8074 


.80 


.80786 


.99214 


.79316 




5 


.8637 


.83 


•73595 


225.09405 


.90780 




5 


.9200 


.86 


. 66404 


• 19596 


67.02244 




7 


• 9763 


.89 


•59213 


•29787 


.13708 




8 


33.0326 


.92 


.52022 


•39978 


.25172 




9 


.0889 


•95 


.44831 


.50169 


.36636 


256 





33.1452 


1159.980 


934.3764 


225.6036 


67.481 




I 


.20306 


1160.010 


• 30449 


•70551 


• 5987 




2 


. 26092 


.040 


.23258 


.80742 


.7164 




3 


.31874 


.070 


. 16067 


• 90933 


•8341 




4 


.37664 


.100 


.0S876 


226.01124 


.9518 




5 


.43450 


.130 


.01685 


.11315 


68.0695 




6 


.49236 


.160 


933-94494 


.21506 


.1872 




7 


.55022 


.190 


.87303 


.31697 


• 3049 




8 


.60808 


.220 


.80112 


.41888 


.4226 




9 


.66594 


.250 


.72921 


.52079 


.5403 



PR A Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



17 



g s 


n 

J3 


4J CrT 


« fe 


a £ 
— 


a v 


3 ei 


O — 


cd m 






■- 1 5; 


Temperat 
of the Ste 


Absolut 
pressure in 
sq. in. 
IP 


Total he 
from 32 


Latent h< 
from 3 2 


Heat unit 

the water f 

32° F. 


Pressure 

inches of 1 

cury. 


257.° 


337238 


116028 


933.6573 


226.6227 


68.6580 




1 


.78155 


.31 


.58539 


.72461 


.77565 




2 


.83930 


•34 


.51348 


.82652 


•89334 




3 


.89705 


•37 


•44157 


.92843 


69.01095 




4 


.95480 


.40 


.36966 


227.03031 


.12860 




5 


34-01255 


•43 


•29775 


• 13225 


.24625 




6 


.07030 


.46 


.22584 


.23416 


.36390 




7 


.12805 


•49 


.15393 


.33607 


•48155 




8 


.18580 


•52 


.08202 


.43798 


.59920 




9 


•24355 


•55 


.01011 


.53989 


. 71690 


258 





34.3013 


1160.58 


932.9382 


227.6418 


69.8345 




1 


.36057 


.61 


.86629 


.74371 


.95517 




2 


.41984 


.64 


.79438 


.84562 


70.07584 




3 


.47911 


.67 


.72247 


•94753 


.19651 




4 


.53838 


.70 


.65056 


228.04944 


.31718 




5 


•59765 


• 73 


.57865 


•I5I35 


.43785 




6 


.65692 


•76 


.50674 


.25326 


•55852 




7 


.71619 


•79 


•43483 


.35517 


.67919 




8 


.77546 


.82 


.36292 


.45708 


.79986 




9 


.83473 


.85 


.29101 


.55899 


•92C53 


259 





34.8940 


1160.88 


932.2191 


2286609 


71.0412 




1 


•95380 


.91 


.14719 


.76281 


.16298 




2 


35-0136 


•94 


.07528 


.86472 


.28476 




3 


.0734 


•97 


.00337 


. 96663 


.40654 




4 


.1332 


1161.00 


931.93146 


229.06854 


.52832 




5 


.1930 


.03 


.85955 


.17045 


.65010 




6 


.2528 


.06 


.78764 


.27236 


.77188 




7 


.3126 


.09 


.71573 


.37427 


.89366 




8 


.3724 


. 12 


.64382 


.47618 


72.01544 




9 


.4322 


• 15 


.57191 


.57809 


.13722 


260 





35.4920 


1161.18 


931.5000 


229.6800 


72.2590 




1 


.55274 


.21 


.42809 


.78191 


.3*5264 




2 


.61348 


.24 


.35618 


.88382 


.50628 




3 


.67422 


.27 


.28427 


•98573 


.62992 




4 


.73496 


.30 


.21236 


230.08764 


.75356 




5 


.7957o 


.33 


.14045 


.18955 


.87720 




6 


.85644 


.36 


.06854 


.29146 


73.00084. 




7 


.91718 


•39 


930.99663 


39337 


.12448 




8 


.97792 


• 42 


•92472 


.49523 


.24812 




9 


36.03866 


• 45 


.85281 


•59719 


•37176 


261 





36.0994 


1161.48 


930.7809 


2306991 


73.4954 




I 


.16059 


.51 


. 70899 


.80101 


.61998 




2 


.22178 


.54 


.63708 


.90292 


•74456 




3 


.28297 


• 57 


•56517 


231.00483 


.86914 




4 


.34416 


.60 


.49326 


.10674 


•99372 




5 


.40535 


.63 


.42135 


.20865 


74.U830 




6 


.46654 


.66 


•34944 


.31056 


.24288 




7 


.52773 


.69 


.27753 


.41247 


.36746 




8 


.53892 


.72 


.20562 


.51438 


.49204 




9 


.65011 


•75 


.13371 


.61629 


.61662 



i8 



PRAY \S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



mperature 
the Steam. 

IPO 


Absolute 
ssure in lbs. 
sq. in. 
IP 


2 I 


U 


.Hi 


ressure in 
hesof Mer- 
cury. 




8 

a. 


H £ 


•j a 


E| 


* J 


262.° 


36.7113 


1161.78 


930.0618 


231.7182 


74.7412 




.i 


•77405 


.81 


929.98989 


.82011 


.86894 




.2 


.83680 


.84 


.91798 


.92202 


. 99668 




•3 


.89955 


.87 


. 84607 


232.02393 


75.12442 




•4 


.96230 


.90 


.77416 


.12584 


.25216 




5 


37-02505 


•93 


.70225 


.22775 


• 37990 




.6 


.08780 


.96 


• 63034 


.32966 


• 50764 




7 


.15055 


•99 


•55843 


.43157 


.63538 




8 


.21330 


1162.02 


.48652 


.53348 


.76312 




9 


.27605 


.05 


.41461 


.63539 


. 89086 


263 





37.3388 


1162.080 


929.3427 


232.7373 


76.0186 




i 


. 40202 


.010 


.27079 


.83921 


.14728 




2 


.46524 


.140 


.19888 


.94112 


.27596 




3 


.52846 


.T70 


.12697 


233.04303 


. 40464 




4 


.59168 


.200 


.05506 


• 14494 


•53332 




5 


.65490 


.230 


928.98315 


.24685 


.66200 




6 


.71812 


.260 


.91124 


.34876 


. 79068 




7 


.78134 


.290 


•83933 


.45067 


.91936 




8 


.84456 


.320 


.76742 


.55258 


77.04804 




9 


.90778 


•35o 


.69551 


•65449 


.17672 


264 


o 


37.97103 


1162.380 


928.6236 


233.7564 


77.3054 




I 


38.03463 


.410 


.55169 


.85831 


•4350 




2 


.09826 


.440 


•47978 


. 96022 


.5646 




3 


.16189 


• 470 


.40787 


234.06213 


.6942 




4 


.22552 


.500 


.33596 


. 16404 


.8238 




5 


.28915 


.530 


.26405 


•26595 


• 9534 




6 


.35278 


.560 


.19214 


.36786 


78.0830 




7 


.41641 


.590 


.12023 


.46977 


.2126 




8 


.48004 


.620 


.04832 


.57168 


.3422 




9 


•54367 


.650 


927.97641 


•67359 


.4718 


265 





38.6073 


1162.680 


9279045 


234.7755 


78.6014 




I 


.67247 


.710 


•83259 


.87741 


.73416 




2 


.73764 


.740 


. 76068 


.97932 


.86692 




3 


.80281 


.770 


.68877 


235.0S123 


.99968 




4 


.86798 


.800 


.61686 


•i8 3 r4 


79.13244 




5 


.93315 


.830 


•54495 


.28505 


.26520 




6 


.99 8 32 


.860 


.47304 


.38696 


.39796 




7 


39.06349 


.890 


.40113 


.48887 


•53072 




8 


.12866 


.920 


.32922 


.59078 


. 66348 




9 


•19383 


•95o 


.25731 


.69269 


. 79624 


266. 





39.2590 


1162.980 


927.1854 


235.7946 


79.9290 




I 


.32463 


1163.011 


.11422 


.89678 


80.06253 




2 


.39026 


.042 


.04304 


.99S96 


. 19606 




3 


.45589 


.073 


926.97186 


236.10114 


•32959 




4 


.52152 


.104 


.90068 


.20332 


.46312 




5 


.58715 


• i35 


.82950 


.30550 


•59665 




6 


.65278 


.166 


•75832 


.40768 


.73018 




7 


.71841 


.197 


.68714 


.50986 


.86371 




8 


.78404 


.228 


.61596 


.61204 


.99724 


•9 


.84967 


•259 


•54478 


.71422 


81.13077 



PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



Temperature 
of the Steam. 


Absolute 

pressure in lbs. 

sq. in. 

IP 


Total heat 
from 32 F. 


Latent heat 
from 32 F. 


Heat units in 

the water from 

32 F. 


Pressure in 
inches of Mer- 
cury. 


267.° 


390153 


1163.290 


926.4736 


236.8164 


812643 




i 


.9824 


.321 


.40242 


.91858 


.40091 




2 


40.0495 


.352 


•33124 


237.02076 


•53752 




3 


.1166 


.383 


. 26006 


.12294 


.67413 




4 


.1837 


.414 


.18888 


.22512 


.81074 




5 


.2508 


• 445 


.11770 


.32730 


•94735 




6 


• 3179 


.476 


.04652 


.42948 


82.08396 




7 


.3850 


•507 


925.97534 


.53166 


.22057 




8 


.4521 


.538 


.90416 


.63384 


.35718 




9 


.5192 


.569 


.83298 


. 73602 


•49379 


268 


o 


40.5863 


1163.600 


925.7618 


237.8382 


82.6304 




r 


•65397 


.631 


. 69092 


.94038 


.76815 




2 


.72164 


.662 


.61944 


238.04256 


.90590 




3 


.78931 


.693 


.54826 


.14474 


83.04365 




4 


.85698 


.724 


.47708 


. 24692 


.18140 




5 


.92465 


•755 


.4059° 


.34910 


.31915 




6 


.99232 


.786 


.33472 


.45128 


.45690 




7 


41.05999 


.817 


.26354 


.55346 


• 59465 




8 


.12766 


.848 


.19236 


•65564 


.73240 




9 


•19533 


.879 


.12118 


.75782 


.87015 


269 





41.2630 


1163.910 


9250500 


238.8600 


84.0079 




I 


•3316 


.941 


924.97882 


.96218 


•14755 




2 


.4002 


972 


. 90764 


239.06436 


.28720 




3 


.4688 


1164.003 


.83646 


.16654 


.42685 




4 


•5374 


.034 


.76528 


.26872 


.56650 




5 


.6060 


.065 


.69410 


.37090 


.70615 




6 


.6746 


.096 


.62292 


.47308 


.84580 




7 


• 7432 


.127 


.55174 


•57526 


.98545 




8 


.8118 


.158 


.48056 


.67744 


85.12510 




9 


.8804 


.189 


.40938 


.77967 


.26475 


270 


o 


41.9490 


1164.220 


924.3382 


239.8818 


85.4044 




I 


42.0180 


.251 


.26702 


.98398 


• 54492 




2 


.0870 


.282 


.19584 


240.08616 


.68554 




3 


.1560 


•313 


. 12466 


.18834 


.82611 




4 


.2250 


•344 


.05348 


.29052 


.96668 




5 


2940 


• 375 


923.98230 


.39270 


86.10725 




6 


.3630 


.406 


.91112 


.49488 


.24782 




7 


.4320 


• 437 


.83994 


.59706 


.38839 




8 


.5010 


.468 


.76876 


.(9924 


.52896 




9 


.5700 


•499 


.69758 


.80142 


•66953 


271 


o 


42.6390 


1164.530 


923.6264 


240.9036 


868101 




I 


.70961 


.561 


.55522 


241.00578 


•95379 




2 


.78022 


.592 


.48404 


. 10796 


87.09748 




3 


.85083 


.623 


.41286 


.21014 


.24117 




4 


.92144 


•654 


.34168 


.31232 


.38486 




5 


.99205 


.685 


.27050 


.41450 


.52855 




6 


43.06266 


.716 


.19932 


.51668 


.67224 




7 


•13327 


•747 


.12814 


.61886 


•8i593 




8 


.20388 


.778 


.05696 


.72104 


.95962 


•9 


•27449 


.809 


922.98578 


082322 


88.10331 



20 



PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



z a 


J3 


« ft! 


* u, 


a E 


u 

G <U 


Temperatu 
of the Stea 


Absolute 
pressure in 1 
sq. in. 
3? 


Total hea 
from 32 ] 


Latent hei 
from 3 2 


Heat units 
the water fr 
32° F. 
ll 


Pressure i 
inches of M 
cury. 


272.° 


43.3451 


1164.840 


922.9146 


241.9254 


88.2470 




i 


.41655 


.871 


.84342 


242.02758 


.39246 




2 


.48800 


.902 


.77224 


.12976 


•5379 2 




3 


•55945 


• 933 


.70106 


.23194 


.68338 




4 


. 63090 


.964 


.62988 


.33412 


.82884 




5 


•70235 


•995 


.55870 


•43630 


.97430 




6 


•7737o 


1165.026 


.48752 


.53848 


89.11976 




7 


.84515 


.057 


.41634 


.64066 


.26522 




8 


.91660 


.088 


•34516 


.74284 


.41068- 




9 


.98805 


.119 


•27398 


.84502 


•55614 


273. 





44.0596 


1165.150 


922.2028 


242.9472 


89.701G 




I 


.1316 


.181 


.13162 


243.04938 


.84819. 




2 


.2036 


.212 


. 06044 


.15156 


.99478. 




3 


.2756 


.243 


921.98926 


•25374 


90.14137 




4 


.3476 


.274 


.91808 


.35592 


.28796 




5 


.4196 


.305 


. 84690 


.45810 


•4345S 




6 


.4916 


.336 


.77572 


.56028 


.58114 




7 


.5636 


.367 


.70454 


.66246 


.72773 




8 


•6356 


.398 


.63336 


. 76464 


•87432 




9 


.7076 


.429 


.56218 


.86682 


91.02091 


274 


° 


44.7796 


1165.460 


921.4910 


243.9690 


91.167& 




i 


.8530Q 


.491 


.41982 


244.07118 


.31713 




2 


.92658 


.522 


.34864 


•17336 


.46676 




3 


45.00007 


• 553 


.27746 


•27554 


.61639. 




4 


•07356 


•584 


.20628 


•37772 


. 76602 




5 


.14705 


.615 


.13510 


.47990 


=91565 




6 


.22054 


.646 


.06392 


.58208 


92.06528- 




7 


.29403 


•677 


920.99274 


.68426 


.21491 




8 


.36752 


.708 


.92156 


.78644 


•36454 




9 


.44101 


•739 


.85038 


.88862 


•5i4i7 


275 


o 


45.5145 


1165.770 


920.7792 


244.9908 


92.663S 




I 


.58846 


.801 


. 70802 


245.09298 


•81437 




2 


.66242 


.832 


.63684 


.19516 


.96494 




3 


•73638 


• 863 


.56566 


.29734 


93-H55I 




4 


.81034 


.894 


.49448 


.39952 


. 26608 




5 


.88430. 


•925 


.42330 


.50170 


.41665 




6 


.95826. 


.956 


.35212 


.60388. 


.56722 




7 


46.03222 


.987 


.28094 


. 70606 


• 71779' 




8 


.10618 


1166.018 


.20976 


.80824 


.86836 




•9 


.18014 


.049 


.13858 


.91042 


94-01893 


276 


o 


46.2541 


1166.080 


9200674 


246.0126 


94 1695 




.1 


•32959 


.111 


919.99622 


.11478 


•32317 




.2 


.40508 


.142 


.92504 


.21696 


.47684 






.48057 


.173 


.85386 


.31944 


.63051 




• 4 


.55606 


.204 


.78268 


.42132 


.78418 




• 5 


•63155 


• 235 


.71150 


.52350 


•93785 




.6 


. 70704 


.266 


.64032 


.62568 


95.09152 




•7 


.78253 


• 297 


.56914 


.72786 


.24519 




.8 


.85802 


.328 


.49796 


. 83004 


.39886 


•9 


•9335i 


•359 


.42678 


.93222 


.55253 



PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



21 



Temperature 
of the Steam. 


Absolute 

pressure in lbs. 

sq in. 

IP 


Total heat 
from 32 F. 


Latent heat 
from 32 F. 


Heat units in 

the water from 

32 F. 


Pressure in 
inches of Mer- 
cury. 


277.° 


47 0090 


1166.390 


919.3556 


247.0344 


95.7062 




i 


.08493 


.421 


. 28442 


.13658 


.86081 




2 


.16086 


•452 


.21324 


.23876 


96.01542 




3 


.23679 


.483 


. 14206 


.34094 


.17003 




4 


.31272 


•514 


.07088 


.44312 


.32464 




5 


.38865 


•545 


918.99970 


•5453o 


.47925 




6 


.46458 


•576 


.92852 


.64748 


.63386 




7 


•54051 


.607 


.85734 


. 74966 


.78847 




8 


.61644 


.638 


.78616 


.85184 


.94308 




9 


.69237 


.669 


.71498 


.95402 


97.09769 


278 


o 


47.7683 


1166.700 


918.6438 


248.0562 


97.2523 




I 


.84569 


.731 


.57262 


.15838 


.40987 




2 


.92308 


.762 


.50144 


.26056 


. 56744 




3 


48 . 00047 


• 793 


.43026 


.36274 


.72501 




4 


.07786 


.824 


.35908 


.46492 


.88258 




5 


•15525 


.855 


.28790 


.56710 


98.04015 




6 


.23264 


.886 


,21672 


,66928 


.19772 




7 


.31003 


.917 


.14554 


.77146 


•35529 




8 


.38742 


.948 


.07436 


.87364 


.51286 




9 


.46481 


•979 


.00318 


•97582 


.67043 


279 





485422 


1167010 


917.9320 


249.0780 


98.8280 




I 


.62008 


.041 


.86082 


.18018 


.98650 




2 


.69796 


.072 


.78964 


.28236 


99.14500 




3 


.77584 


.103 


.71846 


.38454 


.30350 




4 


.85372 


• 134 


64728 


.48672 


. 46200 




5 


.93160 


.165 


.57610 


.58890 


.62050 




6 


49,00948 


.196 


.50492 


.69108 


.77900 




7 


.08736 


.227 


•43374 


.79326 


•9375o 




8 


.16524 


.258 


.36256 


.89544 


100.09600 




9 


.24312 


.289 


.29138 


.99762 


.25450 


280 





49.3210 


1167.320 


917.2202 


2500998 


100.4130 




.1 


. 40043 


.35i 


. 14902 


.20198 


•57475 




.2 


.47986 


.382 


•07784 


.30416 


•73650 




• 3 


.55929 


.413 


.00666 


. 40634 


.89825 




• 4 


.63872 


.444 


916.93548 


.50852 


101.06000 




• 5 


.71815 


• 475 


. 86430 


.61070 


.22175 




.6 


.79758 


.506 


.79312 


.71288 


•38350 




•7 


.87701 


• 537 


.72194 


.81506 


•54525 




.8 


.95644 


.568 


.65076 


.91724 


.70700 




•9 


50,03587 


• 599 


•57958 


251.01942 


.86875 


281 


o 


50.1153 


1167.630 


916.5084 


251.1216 


102.0305 




. 1 


.19509 


.661 


.43722 


.22378 


.19295 




.2 


.27488 


.692 


. 36604 


.32596 


•3554o 




•3 


.35467 


• 723 


. 29486 


^42814 


.51785 




■4 


.43446 


• 754 


.22368 


• 53032 


.68030 




• 5 


•51425 


.785 


.15250 


.63250 


.84275 




.6 


. 59404 


.816 


.08132 


•73468 


103.00520 




• 7 


.67383 


.847 


.01014 


; 83686 


.16765 




.8 


•75362 


.878 


915.93896 


.93904 


.33010 


•9 


•83341 


.909 


.86778 


252.04122 


.49255 



22 



PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



Temperature 

of the Steam. 

IPO 


Absolute 

pressure in lbs. 

sq. in. 


Total heat 
from 32 F. 


Latent heat 
from 3 2 F. 


Heat units in 

the water from 

32 F. 

Ix 


Pressure in 
inches of Mer- 
cury. 


282.° 


50.9132 


1167.940 


915.7966 


252.1434 


103.6550 




i 


99450 


.971 


•72542 


.24558 


.82051 




2 


51.07580 


1168.002 


.65424 


.34776 


.98602 




3 


.15710 


.033 


.58306 


•44994 


104.15153 




4 


.23840 


.064 


.51188 


.55212 


•31704 




5 


.31970 


•095 


.44070 


.65430 


•48255 




6 


.40100 


.126 


•36952 


.75648 


. 64806 




7 


.48230 


.157 


.29834 


.85866 


•81357 




8 


.56360 


.188 


.22716 


. 96084 


.97908 




9 


. 64490 


.219 


.15598 


253.06302 


105.14459 


283 


o 


51.7262 


1168.250 


915.0848 


253.1652 


105.3101 




I 


.80855 


.281 


.01362 


.26738 


.47769 




2 


. 89090 


.312 


914.94244 


•36956 


.64528 




3 


•97325 


• 343 


.87126 


•47174 


.81287 




4 


52.05560 


•374 


.80008 


•57392 


.98046 




5 


•13795 


.405 


.72890 


.67610 


106.14805 




6 


. 22030 


.436 


.65772 


.77828 


.31564 




7 


.30265 


•467 


.58654 


. 88046 


•48323 




8 


.38500 


.498 


.51536 


.98264 


.65082 




9 


.46735 


.529 


.44418 


254.08482 


.81841 


284 


o 


52.5497 


1168.560 


914.3730 


254.1870 


106.9860 




I 


.63299 


• 590 


.30053 


.28947 


107.15593 




2 


.71628 


.620 


.22806 


39194 


.32586 




3 


• 79957 


.650 


•15559 


.49441 


•4957o 




4 


.88286 


.680 


.08312 


.59688 


•66572 




5 


.96615 


.710 


.01065 


.69935 


•83565 




6 


53.04944 


.740 


913.93818 


.80182 


108.00558 




7 


•13273 


.770 


.86571 


.90429 


•17551 




8 


.21602 


.800 


• 79324 


255.00676 


•34544 




9 


.29931 


.830 


.72077 


. 10923 


•51537 


285 


o 


53.3826 


1168.860 


913.6483 


255.2117 


108.6853 




i 


.46685 


.890 


.57583 


.31417 


.85653 




2 


.55110 


.920 


•50336 


.41664 


109.02776 




3 


.63535 


.950 


.43089 


.51911 


.19899 




4 


.71960 


.980 


.35842 


.62158 


.37022 




5 


.80385 


1169.010 


.28595 


.72405 


•54145 




6 


.88810 


.040 


.21348 


.82652 


.71268 




7 


.97235 


.070 


.14101 


.92899 


.88391 




8 


54.05660 


.100 


.06854 


256.03146 


no. 05514 




9 


.14085 


.130 


912.99607 


•13393 


.22637 


2 $8 


° 


54.2251 


1169.160 


912.9236 


256.2364 


1103976 




i 


•31079 


.190 


.85113 


.33887 


•57209 




2 


.39648 


.220 


.77866 


.44134 


.74658 




3 


.48217 


.250 


. 70619 


.54381 


.92107 




4 


.56786 


.2«0 


.63372 


.64628 


in. 09556 




5 


.65355 


.3IO 


.56125 


•74875 


.27005 




6 


.73924 


.340 


.48878 


.85122 


.44454 




7 


.82493 


.370 


.41631 


•95369 


.61903 




8 


.91062 


.4OO 


•34384 


257.05616 


•79352 




9 


.99631 


.430 


•27137 


.15863 


. 96801 



PR A Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



23 



mperature 
the Steam. 


c/i 

5 - S a _ 4 °« 

S ' H . ft - p 
< 8 w c 




jjfc 

Is* 


;at units in 
water from 
32° F. 


ressure in 
hes of Mer- 
cury. 


H 


a 




•-j a 


a j 


*.S 


287.° 


55.0820 1169 


460 


912.1989 


257.2611 


112.1425 




.1 


.16828 


490 


.12643 


.36357 


.31825 




.2 


.25456 


520 


.05396 


046604 


. 49400 




•3 


.34084 


.550 


911. 98149 


.56851 


.66975 




•4 


.42712 


.580 


. 90902 


. 67098 


.84550 




• 5 


.51340 


610 


.83655 


•77345 


113. 02125 




.6 


.59968 


640 


.76408 


.87592 


.19700 




• 7 


.68596 


.670 


.69161 


•97839 


•37275 




.8 


.77224 


.700 


.61914 


258 08086 


.54850 




•9 


.85852 


730 


• 54667 


•18333 


.72425 


288 





55.9448 1169 


76 


911.4742 


258.2858 


113.9000 




.1 


56.03244 


• 79 


.40173 


.38827 


114.07832 




2 


.12008 


.82 


.32926 


.49074 


. 25664 




3 


.20772 


85 


•25679 


.59321 


•43496 




■4 


.29536 


88 


.18432 


.69568 


.61328 




5 


.38300 


9i 


.11185 


.79815 


•79160 




.6 


-47064 


94 


.03938 


. 90062 


.96992 




• 7 


.55828 


97 


910.96691 


259.00309 


115. 14824 




8 


.64592 1170 


.00 


.89444 


.10556 


.32656 




9 


.73356 


03 


.82197 


. 20803 


.50488 


289 





56.8212 1170 


06 


910.7495 


2593105 


115.6832 




1 


.90993 


09 


.67703 


.41297 


.86388 




2 


.99866 


12 


.60456 


.51544 


116.04456 




3 


57.08739 


15 


•53209 


.61791 


.22524 




4 


.17612 


18 


.45962 


.72038 


.40592 




5 


.26485 


21 


•38715 


.82285 


.58660 




6 


•35358 


24 


.31468 


•92532 


.76728 




7 


.44231 


27 


.24221 


260.02779 


•94796 




8 


•53104 


30 


.16974 


.13026 


117. 12864 




9 


.61977 


33 


•09727 


.23273 


.3C932 


290 





577085 1170 


36 


910.0248 


2603352 


117.4900 




1 


.79863 


39 


909.95233 


.43767 


.67346 




2 


.88876 


42 


.87986 


.54014 


.85692 




3 


.97889 


45 


•80739 


64261 


118.04038 




4 


58.06902 


48 


.73492 


745o8 


.22384 




5 


.15915 


51 


.66245 


•84755 


•40730 




f> 


.24928 


54 


.58998 


.95002 


•59076 




7 


•33941 


57 


•51751 


261.05249 


.77422 




8 


.42954 


60 


•44504 


.15496 


.95768 




9 


.51967 


63 


.37257 


.25743 


119.14114 


291 





58.6098 1170 


66 


909.3001 


261.3599 


119.3246 




1 


. 70047 


69 


.22763 


.46237 


.5090 




2 


.79114 


72 


.15516 


.56484 


.6934 




3 


.88181 


75 


.08269 


.66731 


.8778 




4 


.97248 


78 


.01022 


.76978 


120.0622 




5 


59.06315 


81 


908.93775 


.87225 


.2466 




6 


.15382 


84 


.86528 


.97472 


.4310 




7 


.24449 


87 


.79281 


262.07719 


.6154 




8 


.33516 


90 


• 72034 


.17966 


.7998 


•9 


•42583 • . 


93 


.64787 


.28213 


.9842 



24 



PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



Temperature 
of the Steam. } 


Absolute 

pressure in lbs. 

sq. in. 

IP 


Total heat 
from 32 F. 


Latent heat 
from 3 2 F. 


Heat units in 

the water from 

32 F. 


Pressure in 
inches of Mer- 
cury. 


292 ° 


59.5165 


1170.96 


9085754 


262.3846 


121.1686 




i 


.60851 


.99 


.50293 


.48707 


.35612 




2 


. 70052 


1171.02 


.43046 


•58954 


.54364 




3 


.79253 


• 05 


•35799 


.69201 


•73*i6 




4 


.88454 


.08 


.28552 


.79448 


.91868 




5 


.97655 


.11 


.21305 


.89695 


122.10620 




6 


60.06856 


.14 


. 14058 


.99942 


.29372 




7 


.16057 


•17 


.06811 


263.10189 


.48124 




8 


.25258 


.20 


907.99564 


. 20436 


.66876 




9 


•34459 


•23 


•9 2 3i7 


• 30683 


.85628 


293. 


o 


60.4366 


1171.26 


907.8507 


263.4093 


123.0438 




I 


.52971 


.29 


.77823 


.51177 


.23342 




2 


.62282 


•32 


•70576 


.61424 


.42304 




3 


.71593 


• 35 


.63329 


.71671 


.61266 




4 


. 80904 


.38 


.56082 


.81918 


.80228 




5 


.90215 


.41 


.48835 


.92165 


.99190 




6 


.99526 


• 44 


.41588 


264.02412 


124.18152 




7 


61.0S837 


• 47 


•34341 


.12659 


.37"4 




8 


.18148 


•50 


. 27094 


. 22906 


. 56076 




9 


.27459 


•53 


.19847 


•33153 


.75038 


294 


o 


61.3677 


1171.56 


907.1260 


264.4340 


124.9400 




I 


.46225 


•59 


.05353 


• 53647 


125.13246 




2 


.55680 


.62 


906.98106 


.63894 


.32492 




3 


.65135 


.65 


.90859 


.74141 


.51738 




4 


•7459° 


.68 


.83612 


.84388 


. 70984 




5 


.84045 


• 71 


.76365 


.94635 


. 90230 




6 


•93500 


•74 


.69118 


265.04882 


126.09476 




7 


62.02955 


• 77 


.61871 


.15129 


.28722 




8 


.12410 


.80 


.54624 


•25376 


.47968 




9 


.21865 


.83 


•47377 


•35623 


.67214 


295 


o 


62.3132 


1171.86 


906.4013 


265.4587 


126.8646 




I 


.40862 


.89 


.32883 


.56117 


127.05886 




2 


.50404 


.92 


.25636 


.66364 


.25312 




3 


• 59946 


•95 


.18389 


.76611 


.44738 




4 


.69488 


.98 


.11142 


.86858 


.64164 




5 


.79030 


1172.01 


.03895 


.97105 


.83590 




6 


.88572 


.04 


905.96648 


266.07352 


128.03016 




7 


.98114 


.07 


.89401 


•17599 


.22442 




8 


63.07656 


.10 


.82154 


.27846 


.41868 




9 


.17198 


.13 


• 74907 


•38093 


.61294 


296 


o 


63.2674 


1172.16 


9056766 


266.4834 


128.8072 




I 


.36398 


.19 


.60413 


.58587 


129.00388 




.2 


.46056 


.22 


.53166 


.68834 


.20056 




•3 


.55714 


.25 


.45919 


.79081 


•39724 




.4 


•65372 


.28 


.38672 


.89328 


.59392 




•5 


.75030 


•31 


•31425 


•99575 


. 79060 




.6 


.84688 


• 34 


.24178 


267.09822 


.9S728 




•7 


.94346 


• 37 


• 16931 


. 20069 


130.18396 




.8 


64 . 04004 


.40 


.09684 


.30316 


. 38064 


•9 


.13662 


• 43 


•02437 


.40563 


•57732 



PRATS CALORIMETER TABLES. 



25 



g 6 1 

3 ni 


■a 


% W 


3 ta 


C S 

— 

(/) .1- 


e v 


Temperat 
of the Ste 


Absolut 
pressure in 
sq. in. 
IP 


Total he 
from 32° 


Latent hi 
from 3 2 


Heat unit 

the water f 

32° F. 


Pressure 

inches of ] 

cury. 


297° 


64.2332 


1172.46 


904.9519 


267.5081 


130.7740 




1 


.33112 


•49 


.87943 


.61057 


.97330 




2 


.42904 


•52 


.80696 


-71304 


131. 17260 




3 


.52696 


•55 


• 73449 


.81551 


.3719 




4 


.62488 


.58 


.66202 


.91798 


.5712 




5 


.72280 


.61 


.58955 


268.02045 


.7705 




6 


.82072 


.64 


.51708 


.12292 


.9698 




7 


.91864 


.67 


.44461 


.22539 


132.1691 




8 


65.01656 


.70 


.37214 


.32786 


.3684 




9 


.11448 


•73 


•29967 


•43033 


.5677 


298 





65.2124 


1172.76 


904.2272 


268.5328 


132.7670 




1 


.31144 


•79 


•15473 


.63527 


.9684 




2 


.41048 


.82 


.08226 


•73774 


133.1698 




3 


•50952 


• 85 


.00979 


.84021 


.3712 




4 


.60856 


,88 


903.93732 


.94268 


.5726 




5 


.70760 


.91 


.86485 


269.04515 


.7740 




6 


. 80664 


•94 


.79238 


.14762 


• 9754 




7 


.90568 


•97 


.71991 


.25009 


134.1768 




8 


66.00472 


1173.00 


•64744 


•35256 


.3782 




9 


.10376 


.03 


•57497 


.45503 


.5796 


299 





66.2028 


1173.06 


903.5025 


269.5575 


134.7810 




1 


.30315 


.09 


.43003 


•65997 


.98586 




2 


•40350 


. 12 


.35756 


• 76244 


135.19072 




3 


.50385 


.15 


.28509 


.86491 


•39558 




4 


. 60420 


.18 


.21262 


.96738 


. 60044 




5 


•70455 


.21 


.14015 


270.06985 


.80530 




6 


. 80490 


.24 


903.06768 


.17232 


136.01016 




7 


.90525 


.27 


902.99521 


.27470 


.21502 




8 


67.00560 


.30 


.92274 


.37726 


.41988 




9 


.10595 


• 33 


.85027 


•47973 


.62474 


300 





67.2063 


1173.36 


902.7778 


2705822 


136.8296 




1 


.3078 


•39 


• 70533 


.68467 


137.03594 




2 


.4093 


.42 


.63286 


.78714 


.24228 




3 


.5108 


• 45 


.56039 


.S8961 


.44862 




4 


.6123 


.48 


.48792 


.99208 


.65496 




5 


.7138 


.51 


.41545 


271.09455 


.86130 




6 


.8153 


• 54 


.34298 


.19702 


138.06764 




7 


.9168 


• 57 


.27051 


• 29949 


.27398 




8 


68.0183 


.60 


.19804 


.40196 


.48032 




9 


.1198 


.63 


.12557 


.50443 


.68666 


301 





68.2213 


1173.66 


902.0531 


271.6069 


138.8930 




1 


.32417 


.69 


901.97763 


.70937 


139.10243 




2 


.42704 


: .72 


.90516 


.81184 


.31186 




3 


.52991 


•75 


.83269 


•9 T 43i 


.52129 




4 


.63278 


.78 


.76022 


272.01678 


.73072 




5 


.73565 


.81 


.68775 


.11925 


•94015 




6 


.83852 


.84 


.61528 


.22172 


140.14958 




7 


.94139 


.87 


.54281 


.32419 


•35901 




8 


69.04426 


.90 


•47334 


.42666 


.56844 


•9 


.14713 


•93 


.40087 


•52913 


•77787 



26 



PR A Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



Temperature 

of the Steam. 

ITO 


Absolute 

pressure in lbs. 

sq in. 

IP 


Total heat 
from 32 F. 


32 


Heat units in 

the water from 

32° F. 


Pressure in 
inches of Mer- 
cury. 


302.° 


692500 


1173.960 


901.3284 


272.6316 


140.9873 




i 


•35378 


.991 


.25661 


• 73439 


141. 19852 




2 


•45756 


1174.022 


. 18482 


.83718 


. 40984 




3 


•56134 


.053 


.11303 


•93997 


.62111 




4 


.66512 


.084 


.04124 


273.04276 


.83238 




5 


.76890 


.115 


900.96945 


.14555 


142.04365 




6 


.87268 


.146 


.89766 


•24834 


.25492 




7 


.97646 


.177 


.82587 


.35H3 


.46619 




8 


70.08024 


.208 


.75408 


•45392 


•67746 




9 


.18402 


•239 


.68229 


•55671 


.88873 


303 





70.2878 


1174.270 


900.6105 


273.6595 


143.1000 




I 


.39313 


.301 


•53871 


.76229 


•31446 




2 


.49846 


.332 


.46692 


.86508 


.52892 




3 


.60379 


.363 


.39513 


•96787 


.74338 




4 


.70912 


•394 


.32334 


274.07066 


.95784 




5 


.81445 


.425 


.25155 


.17345 


144.17230 




6 


.91978 


•456 


.17976 


.27624 


.38676 




7 


71.02511 


.487 


.10797 


.37903 


.60122 




8 


.13044 


.518 


.03618 


.48182 


.81568 




9 


•23577 


•549 


899.96439 


.58461 


145.03014 


304 


o 


71.34:11 


1174.580 


899.8926 


274.6874 


145.2446 




I 


•44735 


.611 


.82081 


.79019 


.4609 




2 


.5536o 


.642 


. 74902 


.89298 


.6772 




3 


.65985 


.673 


.67723 


•99577 


.8935 




4 


.76610 


.704 


.60544 


275.09856 


146.1098 




5 


.87235 


•735 


.53365 


•20135 


.3261 




6 


.97860 


.766 


.46186 


.30414 


.5424 




7 


72.08485 


•797 


.39007 


.40693 


.7587 




8 


.19110 


.828 


.31828 


.50972 


•975o 




9 


.29735 


.859 


. 24649 


.61251 


147.1913 


305 





72.4036 


1174.890 


899.1747 


275.7153 


1474076 




I 


.5"44 


.921 


.10291 


.81809 


.62714 




2 


.61928 


• 952 


.03112 


.92088 


.84668 




3 


.72712 


.983 


898.95933 


276.02367 


148.06622 




4 


.83496 


1175.014 


.88754 


. 12646 


.28576 




5 


.94280 


.045 


.81575 


.22925 


•50530 




6 


73.05064 


.076 


• 74396 


.33204 


.72484 




• 7 


.15848 


.107 


.67217 


.43483 


•94438 




.8 


.26632 


.138 


. 60038 


•53762 


149.16392 




•9 


.37416 


.169 


.52589 


. 64041 


.38346 


306 


o 


734820 


1175.200 


898.4568 


276.7432 


149.6030 




.1 


.59073 


.231 


.38501 


.84599 


.82415 




.2 


. 69946 


.262 


.31322 


.94878 


150.04530 




•3 


.80819 


.293 


.24143 


277-05157 


.26645 




• 4 


.91692 


•324 


.16964 


•15436 


.48760 




• 5 


74.02565 


• 355 


.09785 


.25715 


.70875 




.6 


.13438 


.386 


. 02606 


•35994 


. 92990 




• 7 


.24311 


.417 


897.95427 


.46273 


151-15105 




.8 


.35184 


.448 


.88248 


.56552 


.37220 




•9 


•46057 


• 479 


.81069 


.66831 


•59335 



PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



17 



a s 

9 rt 


0> 

.0 

4) — 


« ^ 


3 fe 


a £ 
— ' 


._ 3 


Temperat 
of the Ste 


Absolut 
pressure in 
sq. in. 
IP 


Total he 
from 32 


Latent hi 
from 3 2 


Heat unit 

the water f 

32° F. 


Pressure 

inches of I 

cury. 


307° 


74.5693 


1175.510 


897.7389 


277.7711 


151.8145 




1 


.67948 


• 54i 


.66711 


.87389 


152.03905 




2 


.78966 


.572 


•59532 


.97668 


.26360 




3 


.89984 


.603 


.52353 


278.07947 


.48815 




4 


75.01002 


.634 


.45174 


.18226 


.71270 




5 


.12020 


.665 


•37995 


.28505 


•93725 




6 


.23038 


.696 


.30816 


.38784 


153.16180 




7 


.34056 


.727 


.23637 


.49063 


.38635 




8 


.45074 


• 758 


.16458 


.59342 


.61:090 




9 


. 56092 


.789 


.09279 


.69621 


.83545 


308 





75.6711 


1175.820 


897.0210 


278.7990 


154.0600 




1 


.78291 


.851 


896.94921 


.90179 


.28764 




2 


.89472 


.882 


•87742 


279.00458 


.51528 




3 


76.00653 


.913 


.80563 


.10737 


. 74292 




4 


.11834 


• 944 


•73384 


.21016 


.97056 




5 


.23015 


• 975 


.66205 


•31245 


155.19820 




6 


.34196 


1176.006 


. 59026 


•41574 


.42584 




7 


•45377 


.037 


.51847 


•51853 


•65348 




8 


•56558 


.068 


.44668 


.62132 


.88112 




9 


.67739 


.099 


.37489 


.72411 


156.10876 


309 





76.7892 


1176.130 


896.3031 


2798269 


156.3364 




1 


.90176 


.161 


.23131 


.92969 


.56556 




2 


77.01432 


. 192 


.15952 


280.03248 


.79472 




3 


.12688 


.223 


.08773 


•13527 


157.02388 




4 


.23944 


•254 


.01594 


.23806 


.25304 




5 


.35200 


.285 


895.94415 


.34085 


.48220 




6 


.46456 


.316 


.87236 


.44364 


.71136 




7 


.57712 


.347 


.80057 


• 54643 


•94057 




8 


.68968 


• 378 


.72878 


.64922 


158.16968 




9 


.80224 


.409 


.65699 


.75201 


.39884 


310 





77.9148 


1176.440 


895.5852 


280.8548 


158.6280 




1 


78.02902 


.471 


.51341 


•95759 


. 86054 




2 


.14324 


.502 


.44162 


281.06038 


159.09308 




3 


.25746 


•533 


.36983 


.16317 


.32562 




4 


.37168 


•564 


. 29804 


.26596 


.55816 




5 


.48590 


• 595 


.22625 


•36875 


. 79070 




6 


.60012 


.626 


.15446 


.47154 


160.02324 




7 


.71434 


.657 


.08267 


•57433 


.25578 




8 


.82856 


.688 


.01088 


.67712 


.48832 




9 


.94278 


.719 


894.93909 


.77991 


.72086 


311 





79.0570 


1176.750 


894.8673 


281.8827 


160.9534 




1 


.17251 


.781 


•79541 


.98549 


161. 18858 




2 


.28802 


.812 


.72362 


282 08828 


•42376 




•3 


.40353 


.843 


.•65183 


.19107 


.65894 




4 


.51904 


.874 


.58004 


.29386 


.89412 




• 5 


.63455 


•905 


.50825 


•39665 


162.12930 




6 


. 75006 


•936 


.43646 


.49944 


•36448 




.6 


.86557 


.967 


.36467 


.60223 


. 59966 




.8 


.98108 


•998 


.29288 


.70502 


.83484 


•9 


80.09659 


1177.029 


.22119 


.80781 


163.07002 



28 



PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



:mperature 
the Steam. 


Absolute 
ssure in lbs. 
sq. in. 


Js ° 

£ 1 


atent heat 
om 32 F. 


:at units in 
water from 
32 F. 


ressure in 
hes of Mer- 
cury. 


H'S 




H £ 


J 4 


ffi| 


* .5 


312° 


80.2121 


1177.060 


894.1494 


282.9106 


163.3052 




i 


•32931 


.091 


.07761 


283.01339 


•54383 




2 


.44652 


.122 


.00582 


.11618 


.78246 




3 


•56373 


.153 


893.93403 


.21897 


164.02109 




4 


.68094 


.184 


.86224 


.32176 


.25972 




5 


.79815 


.215 


• 79045 


•42455 


•49835 




6 


•9*536 


.246 


.71866 


.52734 


•73698 




7 


81.03257 


.277 


.64687 


.63013 


•9756T 




8 


. 14978 


.308 


.57508 


.73292 


165.21424 




9 


. 26699 


• 339 


• 50329 


.83571 


.45287 


813 





81.3842 


1177.370 


8934315 


283.9385 


1656915 




I 


.50217 


.401 


•35971 


284.04129 


.93168 




2 


.62014 


.432 


.28792 


. 14408 


166.17186 




3 


.73811 


.463 


.21613 


.24687 


.4 [204 




4 


.85608 


•494 


•14434 


.34966 


.65222 




5 


•97405 


.525 


•07255 


•45245 


.89240 




6 


82.09202 


.556 


. 00076 


•55524 


167.13258 




7 


. 20999 


.587 


892.92897 


.65803 


.37276 




8 


.32796 


.618 


.85718 


. 76082 


.61294 




9 


•44593 


.649 


•78539 


. 86361 


.85312 


314 


o 


82.5639 


1177.680 


892.7136 


284.9664 


1680933 




I 


.68358 


.711 


.64181 


285.06919 


.33697 




2 


.80326 


.7-12 


.57002 


.17198 


. 58064 




3 


.92294 


•773 


.49823 


• 27477 


.82431 




4 


83.04262 


.804 


.42644 


•37756 


169.06798 




5 


.16230 


.835 


•35465 


•48035 


•31165 




6 


.28198 


.866 


.28286 


•58314 


•55532 




7 


.40166 


.897 


.21107 


.68593 


. 79899 




8 


•52134 


.928 


.13928 


.78872 


170.04266 




9 


.64102 


•959 


.06749 


•89151 


.28633 


315 


o 


83.7607 


1177.990 


891.9957 


285.9943 


170.5300 




I 


.88153 


1178.021 


.92391 


286.09709 


.7760 




2 


84.01236 


.052 


.85212 


.19988 


171.0220 




3 


.14319 


.083 


•78033 


.30267 


.2680 




4 


. 26402 


.114 


•70854 


.40546 


.5140 




5 


.38485 


.145 


.63675 


.50825 


.7600 




6 


.48568 


.176 


• 56496 


.61104 


172.0060 




7 


.60651 


.207 


•49317 


.71383 


.2520 




8 


•72734 


.238 


.42138 


.8r662 


.4980 




9 


.84S17 


.269 


•34959 


.91941 


• 7440 


316 





84.9690 


1178.300 


891.2778 


287.0222 


172.9900 




I 


85.09156 


.331 


.20601 


. 1 2499 


173.2395 




2 


.21412 


.362 


.13422 


.22778 


.4890 




3 


.33668 


•393 


.06243 


.33057 


.7385 




4 


.45924 


.424 


890.99064 


.43336 


.9880 




5 


.58180 


•455 


.91885 


•53615 


174.2375 




6 


.70436 


.486 


.84706 


.63894 


.4870 




7 


.82692 


•517 


.77527 


.74173 


.7365 




8 


. 94948 


•548 


• 70348 


.84452 


.9860 




9 


86.07204 


•579 


•63169 


.94731 


175.2355 



PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



29 



:mperature 
the Steam. 


Absolute 
ssure in lbs. 
sq. in. 


'otal heat 
om 32 F. 


IS 

ri 


.si 
lit* 


ressure in 
hes of Mer- 
cury. 


H 


a 


t" 1 «£ 


»-i a 


E J 


* jj 


317.° 


86.1946 


1178.610 


890.5599 


288.0501 


175.4850 




1 


.31814 


.641 


.48811 


.15289 


.7365 




2 


.44168 


.672 


.41632 


.25568 


.9880 




3 


.56522 


• 703 


•34453 


.35847 


176.2395 




4 


.68876 


• 734 


•27274 


.46126 


.4910 




5 


.81230 


.765 


. 20095 


•56405 


.7425 




6 


.93584 


.796 


.12916 


.66684 


.9940 




7 


87.05938 


.827 


•05737 


.76963 


177.2455 




8 


.18292 


.858 


889.98558 


.87242 


• 497o 




9 


. 30646 


.889 


.91379 


•97521 


.7485 


318 





87.4300 


1178.920 


889.8420 


289.0780 


178.0000 




1 


•55490 


•95i 


.77021 


.18079 


.25428 




2 


.67980 


.982 


.69842 


.28358 


.50856 




3 


. 80470 


1179.013 


.62663 


.38637 


.76284 




4 


.92960 


.044 


.55484 


.48916 


179.01712 




5 


88.05450 


• 075 


•48305 


.59195 


.27140 




6 


.17940 


.106 


.41126 


•69474 


.52568 




7 


•30430 


• 137 


•33947 


•79753 


.77996 




8 


.42920 


.168 


.26768 


.90032 


180.03424 




9 


•55410 


.199 


.19589 


290.00311 


.28852 


319 





88.6790 


1179.230 


889.1241 


290.1059 


180.5428 




1 


.80587 


.261 


.05231 


.20869 


.80113 




2 


.93274 


.292 


888.98052 


.31148 


181.05946 




3 


89.05961 


•323 


.90873 


•41427 


.31779 




4 


.18648 


•354 


.83694 


•51706 


.57612 




5 


•31335 


.385 


•76515 


.61985 


•83445 




6 


.44022 


.416 


.69336 


.72264 


182.09278 




7 


.56709 


•447 


.62157 


.82543 


.35111 




8 


.69396 


.478 


•54978 


.92822 


.60944 




9 


.82083 


.509 


•47799 


291.03101 


.86777 


320 





89.9477 


1179.540 


888.4062 


291.1338 


183.1261 




1 


90.07556 


• 5To 


•33309 


.23691 


.38649 




2 


. 20342 


.600 


.25998 


.34002 


.64688 




3 


.33128 


• 630 


.18687 


.44313 


.90727 




'4 


•459 r 4 


.660 


.11376 


.54624 


184.16766 




•5 


.58700 


.690 


.04065 


•64935 


.42805 




.6 


.71486 


.720 


887.96754 


•75246 


.68844 




• 7 


.84272 


.750 


• 89443 


.85557 


.94883 




8 


.97058 


.780 


.82132 


.95868 


185.20922 




9 


91.09844 


.811 


.74821 


292.06179 


.46961 


321 





91.2263 


1179.840 


887.6751 


292.1649 


185.7300 




1 


•35555 


.870 


.60199 


.26801 


.99304 




2 


.48480 


.900 


.52888 


.37112 


^86. 25608 




3 


.61405 


.930 


.45577 


•47423 


.51912 




4 


• 74330 


.960 


.38266 


•57734 


.78216 




5 


.87255 


•990 


.30955 


.68045 


187.04520 




6 


92.00180 


1180.020 


.23644 


.78356 


.30824 




7 


.13105 


.050 


.16333 


.88667 


.57128 




8 


. 26030 


.080 


.09022 


.98978 


.83432 


• 9 


•38955 


.110 


887.01711 


293.09289 


188.09736 



3o 



PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



Temperature 
of the Steam. 


Absolute 

pressure in lbs. 

sq. in. 

IP 


Total heat 
from 32 F. 


Latent heat 
from 3 2 F. 


Heat units in 

the water from 

32 F. 


Pressure in 
inches of Mer- 
cury. 


322.° 


92.5188 


1180.140 


886.9440 


2931960 


188.3604 




i 


.64967 


.170 


.87089 


.29911 


.62684 




2 


. 78054 


.200 


.79778 


.40222 


.89328 




3 


.91141 


.230 


• 72467 


.50533 


189.15972 




4 


93.04228 


.260 


.65156 


. 60844 


.42616 




5 


.17315 


.290 


.57845 


.7H55 


.69260 




6 


. 30402 


.320 


•50534 


.81466 


.95904 




7 


.43489 


.350 


.43223 


.91777 


190.22548 




8 


.56576 


.380 


.35912 


294.02088 


.49192 




9 


.69663 


.410 


.28601 


.12399 


•75836 


323 


o 


93.8275 


1180.44 


886.2129 


294.2271 


191.0248 




I 


.95978 


•47 


• 13979 


.33021 


.29412 




2 


94.09206 


•50 


.06668 


.43332 


.56344 




3 


.22434 


• 53 


885.99357 


• 53643 


.83276 




4 


.35662 


.56 


. 92046 


.63954 


192.10208 




5 


.48890 


•59 


.84735 


.74265 


.37140 




6 


.62118 


.62 


.77424 


•84576 


. 64072 




7 


.75346 


.65 


.70113 


.94887 


.91004 




8 


.88574 


.68 


.62802 


295.05198 


193.17936 




9 


95.01802 


•71 


.55491 


•15509 


.44868 


324 


o 


95.1503 


1180.74 


885.4818 


295.2582 


193.7180 




I 


.2840 


• 77 


.40869 


.36131 


.9902 




2 


.4177 


.80 


.33558 


.46442 


194.2624 




3 


.5514 


.83 


.26247 


.56753 


.5346 




4 


.6851 


.86 


.18936 


. 67064 


.8068 




5 


.8188 


.89 


. 11625 


•77375 


195.0790 




6 


.9525 


.92 


.04314 


.87686 


.3512 




7 


96.0862 


• 95 


884.97003 


.97997 


.6234 




8 


.2199 


.98 


.89692 


296.08308 


.8956 




9 


.3536 


1181.01 


.82381 


.18619 


196.1678 


325 


o 


96.4873 


1181.04 


884.7507 


296.2893 


196.4400 




I 


.62288 


.07 


.67759 


.39241 


.7160 




.2 


.75846 


.10 


. 60448 


•49552 


.9920 




•3 


. 89404 


.13 


.53137 


.59863 


197.2680 




4 


97.02962 


.16 


.45826 


.70174 


.5440 




•5 


.16520 


.19 


.38515 


.80485 


.8200 




.6 


. 30078 


.22 


.31204 


. 90796 


198.0960 




■7 


.43636 


.25 


.23893 


297.01107 


.3720 




.8 


.57i9 6 


.28 


.16582 


.11418 


.6480 




9 


.70752 


.31 


.09271 


.21729 


.9240 


326 





97.8431 


1181.34 


884.0196 


297.3204 


199.2000 




.1 


.97989 


•37 


883.94649 


.42351 


.47854 




.2 


98.11668 


.40 


.87338 


.52662 


.75708 




•3 


.25347 


•43 


. 80027 


.62973 


200.03562 




• 4 


. 39026 


.46 


.72716 


.73284 


.31416 




•5 


.52705 


•49 


.65405 


.83595 


.59270 




.6 


.66384 


• 52 


.58094 


. 93906 


.87124 




• 7 


. 80063 


•55 


•50783 


298.04217 


201.14975 




.8 


.93742 


.58 


•43472 


.14528 


.42833 




9 


99.07421 


.61 


.36161 


.24839 


. 70686 



PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



3i 



Temperature 
of the Steam. 


Absolute 

pressure in lbs. 

sq. in. 


Total heat 
from 32 F. 


Latent heat 
from 3 2 F. 


Heat units in 

the water from 

32° F. 


Pressure in 
inches of Mer- 
cury. 


327° 


99.2110 


1181.64 


883.2885 


298.3515 


2019854 




1 


.34902 


.67 


•21539 


.45461 


202.26639 




2 


.48704 


.70 


.14228 


•55772 


.54738 




3 


.62506 


.73 


.06917 


.66083 


.82837 




4 


.76308 


.76 


882.99606 


.76394 


203.10936 




5 


.90110 


•79 


.92295 


.86705 


.39035 




6 


100.03912 


.82 


.84984 


.97016 


.67134 




7 


.17714 


.85 


.77673 


299.07327 


.95233 




8 


•31516 


.88 


. 70362 


.17368 


204.23332 




9 


.45318 


.91 


.63051 


.27949 


.51431 


328 





100.5912 


1181.94 


882.5574 


2993826 


204.7953 




1 


•73142 


• 97 


58429 


.48571 


205.08077 




2 


.87164 


1182.00 


.41118 


.58882 


.36624 




3 


101.01186 


.03 


.33807 


.69193 


.65171 




4 


.15208 


.06 


. 26496 


.79504 


.93718 




5 


.29230 


.09 


.19185 


.89815 


206.22265 




6 


.43252 


.12 


.11874 


300.00126 


.50812 




7 


.57274 


.15 


•04563 


•10437 


•79359 




8 


.71296 


.18 


881.97252 


.20748 


207.07906 




9 


.85318 


.21 


.89941 


•31059 


.36453 


329 





101.9934 


1182.24 


881.8263 


300.4137 


207.6500 




1 


102.13453 


.27 


•75319 


.51681 


•93733 




2 


.27566 


•30 


. 68008 


.61992 


208.22466 




3 


.41679 


• 33 


. 60697 


.72303 


.5"99 




4 


•55792 


.36 


•53386 


.82614 


.79932 




5 


.69905 


•39 


•46075 


.92925 


209.08665 




6 


.84018 


.42 


.38764 


301.03236 


.3739 8 




7 


.98131 


• 45 


.31453 


.13547 


.66131 




8 


103.12244 


.48 


.24142 


.23858 


.94864 




9 


.26357 


•51 


.16831 


.34169 


210.23597 


330 





1034047 


1182.54 


881.0952 


301.4448 


210.5233 




1 


.54758 


•57 


.02209 


•5479* 


.8142 




.2 


.69046 


.60 


880.94898 


.65102 


211.1051 




• 3 


.83334 


^3 


.87587 


•75413 


.3960 




■4 


.97622 


.66 


.80276 


.85724 


.6869 




• 5 


104. 1 1910 


.69 


•72965 


•96035 


.9778 




.6 


.26198 


.72 


.65654 


302.06346 


212.2687 




•7 


. 40486 


•75 


.58343 


.16657 


• 5596 




.8 


•54774 


.78 


.51032 


.26968 


.8505 




•9 


. 69062 


.81 


.43721 


.37279 


213.1414 


331 





104.8335 


1182.84 


880.3641 


302.4759 


213.4323 




.1 


.97809 


.87 


. 29099 


.57901 


.72672 




.2 


105.12268 


.90 


.21788 


.68212 


214.02114 




• 3 


.26727 


• 93 


•14477 


•78523 


.31556 




• 4 


.41186 


.96 


.07166 


.88834 


. 60998 




•5 


•55645 


■99 


879.99855 


•99 x 45 


. 90440 




.6 


.70104 


1183.02 


•92544 


303.09456 


215.19882 




•7 


.84563 


•05 


.85233 


.19767 


•49324 




.8 


.99022 


.08 


.77922 


. 30078 


.78766 


• 9 


106.13481 


.11 


.70611 


.40389 


216.08208 



32 



PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



Temperature 
of the Steam. 

mo 


Absolute 

pressure in lbs. 

sq in. 

IP 


Total heat 
from 32 F. 


Latent heat 
from 32 F. 


Heat units in 

the water from 

32 F. 

Ix 


Pressure in 
inches of Mer- 
cury. 


332° 


106.2794 


1183.14 


879.6330 


3035070 


216.3765 




i 


.42529 


•17 


•55989 


.61011 


.67347 




2 


.57118 


.20 


.48678 


.71322 


.97044 




3 


.71707 


•23 


.41367 


.81633 


217.26741 




4 


.86296 


.26 


.34056 


.91944 


•56438 




5 


107.00885 


.29 


.26745 


304.02255 


.86135 




6 


•15474 


•32 


.19434 


.12566 


218.15832 




7 


. 30063 


• 35 


.12123 


.22877 


•45529 




8 


.44652 


.38 


.04812 


.33188 


.75226 




9 


.59241 


.41 


878.97501 


•43499 


219.04923 


333 


° 


1077383 


1183.44 


878.9019 


304.5381 


219.3462 




i 


.88591 


• 47 


.82879 


.64121 


. 64672 




2 


108.03452 


.50 


.75568 


.74432 


•94724 




3 


.18213 


• 53 


.68257 


.84743 


219.24776 




4 


.32974 


•56 


60946 


.95054 


.54828 




5 


•47735 


•59 


.53635 


305.05365 


. 84880 




6 


. 62496 


.62 


.46324 


.15676 


220.14932 




7 


•77257 


.65 


•39013 


.25987 


•44984 




8 


.92018 


.68 


.31702 


.36298 


.75036 




9 


109.06679 


• 71 


.24391 


. 46609 


221.05088 


334 


° 


109.2144 


1183.74 


878.1708 


305.5692 


222.3514 




i 


.36328 


•77 


.09769 


.67231 


•65451 




2 


.51216 


.80 


.02458 


.77542 


•95762 




3 


.66104 


.83 


877.95147 


.87853 


223.26073 




4 


. 80992 


.86 


.87836 


.98164 


.56384 




5 


.95880 


.89 


.80525 


306.08475 


.86695 




6 


110.00768 


.92 


.73214 


.18786 


224.17006 




7 


.15656 


•95 


•65903 


• 29097 


.47317 




8 


•30544 


.98 


•58592 


.39408 


.77628 




9 


•45432 


1184.01 


.51281 


.49719 


225.07939 


335 





110.7032 


1184.04 


877.4397 


306.6003 


225.3825 




I 


.8541 


.07 


.36659 


• 70341 


.68972 




2 


in. 0050 


.10 


.29348 


.80652 


.99694 




3 


.1559 


.13 


.22037 


. 90963 


226.30416 




4 


.3068 


.16 


.14726 


307.01274 


.61138 




5 


•4577 


.19 


•07415 


.11585 


.91860 




6 


.6086 


.22 


. 00104 


.21896 


227.22582 




7 


• 7595 


•25 


876.92793 


.32207 


.53304 




8 


.9104 


.28 


.8^482 


.42518 


.84026 




9 


112. 0613 


• 31 


.78171 


.52829 


228.14748 


336 


o 


112.2122 


1184.34 


876. 7086 


307.6314 


228.4547 




I 


. 36464 


• 37 


.63549 


•73451 


.76505 




2 


.51708 


.40 


.56238 


.83762 


229.07540 




3 


.66952 


• 43 


.48927 


.94073 


•38575 




4 


.82196 


.46 


.41616 


308.04384 


.69610 




5 


.97440 


• 49 


.34305 


.14695 


230.00645 




6 


113. 12684 


• 52 


. 26994 


.25006 


.31680 




7 


.27928 


• 55 


.19683 


.35317 


.62715 




8 


.43172 


.58 


.12372 


.45628 


.93750 




9 


.58416 


.61 


£76.05061 


•55939 


231.24785 



PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



33 



Temperature 
of the Steam. 


Absolute 

pressure in lbs. 

sq. in. 


Total heat 
from 32° F. 


Latent heat 
from 3 2 F. 


Heat units in 

the water from 

32° F. 

h. 


Pressure in 
inches of Mer- 
cury. 


337° 


113.736G 


1184.64 


875.9775 


3086625 


2315582 




i 


. 89084 


.67 


.90439 


.76561 


.87221 




2 


114.04508 


.70 


.83128 


.86872 


232.18622 




3 


•19932 


• 73 


.75817 


.97183 


• 50023 




4 


•35356 


.76 


.68506 


309.07494 


.81424 




5 


• 50780 


•79 


.61195 


.17805 


233.12825 




6 


. 66204 


.82 


.53884 


.28116 


.44226 




7 


.81628 


.85 


.46573 


.38427 


.75627 




8 


.97052 


.88 


.39262 


.48738 


234.07028 




9 


115.12476 


.91 


•31951 


. 59049 


.3S429 


338. 





115.2790 


1184.940 


875.2464 


309.6936 


234.6983 




I 


•43452 


.971 


•17394 


.79706 


235.01447 




2 


. 59004 


1185.002 


.10148 


.90052 


.33064 




3 


•74556 


.033 


.02902 


310.00398 


.64681 




4 


.90108 


.064 


874.95656 


. 10744 


.96298 




5 


116.05660 


•095 


.88410 


.21090 


236.27915 




6 


.21212 


.126 


.81164 


.31436 


•59532 




7 


.36764 


• 157 


^739i8 


.41782 


.91149 




8 


52316 


.188 


.66672 


.52128 


237.22766 




9 


.67868 


.219 


.59426 


.62474 


.54383 


239 


o 


116.8342 


1185.250 


874..5218 


310.7282 


237.8600 




I 


.99128 


.281 


.44934 


.83166 


238.18027 




2 


117. 14836 


.312 


.37688 


.93512 


• 50054 




3 


•30544 


• 343 


. 30442 


311.03858 


.82081 




4 


.46252 


•374 


.23196 


. 14204 


239.14108 




5 


.61960 


•405 


•15950 


.24550 


•46135 




6 


.77668 


•436 


.08704 


.34896 


.78162 




7 


.93376 


.467 


.01458 


.45242 


240.10189 




8 


118.09084 


.498 


873.94212 


.55588 


.42216 




9 


.24792 


.529 


.86966 


•65934 


•74243 


340 





118.4050 


1184.560 


873.7972 


3117628 


241.0627 




I 


.56419 


•59i 


.72474 


.86626 


.38680 




2 


•72338 


.622 


.65228 


.96972 


.71090- 




3 


.88257 


.653 


•57982 


312.07318 


242.03500 




4 


1 19. 041 76 


.684 


.50736 


.17664 


•35910 




5 


. 20095 


.715 


.43490 


.28010 


.68320 




6 


.36014 


.746 


• 36244 


.38356 


243.00730 




7 


•51933 


• 777 


.28998 


.48702 


•33140 




8 


.67852 


.808 


.21752 


• 59048 


•65550 




9 


.83771 


.839 


.14506 


•69394 


.97960 


341 





119.9969 


1184.870 


873.0726 


312.7974 


244.3037 




.1 


120.15741 


.901 


.00014 


. 90086 


•63043 




.2 


.31792 


•932 


872.92768 


313.00432 


•957'6 




•3 


.47843 


•963 


.85522 


.10778 


245.28389 




•4 


.63894 


•994 


.78276 


.21124 


.61062 




•5 


• 79945 


1185.025 


71030 


•31470 


•93735 




.6 


.95996 


.056 


.63784 


.41816 


246.26408 




•7 


121. 12047 


.087 


.56538 


.52162 


.59081 




.8 


.28098 


.118 


.49292 


.62508 


.91754 




•9 


.44149 


.149 


.42046 


•72S54 


247.24427 



34 



PRAY' S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



3 rt 


« a 


rt fc 


g fe 


•:| 


ressure in 
hes of Mer- 
cury. 


ft 4} R 

6-5 


•5 - S 5 « 
o u Qj 

J3 in « 




•2 « i 

a s 

a 


•a ^ fc 


H"S 




H £ 


iJ £ 


W | 


* .5 


342° 


121.6020 


1186.180 


872.3480 


313.8320 


247.5710 


.i 


•76433 


.211 


.27554 


•93546 


.90155 


.2 


.92666 


.242 


. 20308 


314.03892 


248.23210 


• 3 


122.0S899 


•273 


. 13062 


• 14238 


.56265 


• 4 


.25132 


.304 


.05816 


.24584 


.89320 


• 5 


•41635 


• 335 


871.98570 


• 34930 


249.22375 


.6 


.57598 


.366 


.91324 


.45276 ■ 


.55430 


•7 


.73831 


•397 


.84078 


•55622 


.88485 


.8 


. 90064 


.428 


.76832 


.65968 


2*50.21540 


•9 


123.06297 


•459 


.69586 


.76314 


•54595 


343° 


123.2253 


1186.490 


8716234 


314.8666 


250.8765 


.i 


•38925 


• 52r 


.55094 


.97006 


251.21027 


.2 


•55320 


•552 ■ 


.47848 


315-07352 


• 54404 


•3 


•71715 


.583 


. 40602 


.17698 


.87781 


•4 


.88810 


.614 


•33356 


.28044 


252.21158 


•5 


124.04505 


.645 


.26110 


.38390 


•54535 


.6 


. 20900 


.676 


.18864 


.48736 


.87912 


• 7 


•37295 


.707 


.11618 


.59082 


253.21289 


.8 


•53690 


.738 


.04372 


.69428 


. 54666 


• 9 


.70085 


•769 


870.97126 


•79774 


.88043 


344° 


124.8648 


1186.800 


870.8988 


315.9012 


254.2142 


. i 


125.03032 


.831 


.82634 


316.00466 


.5512 


.2 


.19584 


.862 


•75388 


.10812 


.8882 


•3 


.36136 


.893 


.68142 


.21158 


255.2252 


•4 


.52688 


.924 


. 60896 


•31504 


. 5622 


•5 


.69240 


•955 


.53650 


.41850 


.8992 


.6 


.85792 


.986 


. 46404 


.52196 


256.2362 


• 7 


126.02344 


1187.017 


•39*58 


.62542 


•5732 


.8 


.18896 


.048 


.31912 


.72888 


.9102 


•9 


•35448 


.079 


. 24666 


.83234 


257.2472 


345° 


126.5200 


1187.110 


870.1742 


3169358 


257.5842 


.i 


.6878- 


.141 


.10174 


317.03926 


.92578 


.2 


.8556 


.172 


.02928 


. 14272 


258.26736 


•3 


127.0234 


.203 


869.95682 


.24618 


.60894 


•4 


.1912 


.234 


.88436 


.34964 


.95052 


•5 


.3590 


.265 


.81190 


.45310 


259.29210 


.6 


.5268 


.296 


•73944 


•55656 


.63368 


• 7 


.6946 


•327 


.66698 


. 66002 


.97526 


.8 


.8624 


.358 


•59452 


.76348 ■ 


260.31684 


•9 


128.0302 


.389 


.52206 


. 86694 


.65842 


S46.° 


128.1980 


1187.420 


869.4496 


317.9704 


261.0000 


.i 


•3673 


.451 


•377T4 


318.07386 


.3450 


.2 


.5366 


.482 


. 30468 


•17732 


.6900 


•3 


•7059 


.513 


.23222 


.28078 


262.0350 


•4 


.8752 


•544 


.15976 


.38424 


.3800 


•5 


129.0445 


•575 


.08730 


.48770 


.7250 


.6 


.2138 


.606 


.01484 


.59116 


263.0700 


•7 


•3831 


.637 


868.94238 


. 69462 


.4150 


.8 


•5524 


.668 


. 86992 


.79808 


.7600 


•9 


.7217 


•699 


• 79746 


.90154 


264.1050 



PRATS CALORIMETER TABLES. 



35 



Temperature 
of the Steam. 

F9 


Absolute 

pressure in lbs. 

sq in. 


Total heat 
from 32 F. 


Latent heat 
from 32 F. 


Heat units in 

the water from 

32° F. 


Pressure in 
inches of Mer- 
cury. 


347° 


129.8910 


1187.730 


868.7250 


3190050 


264.4500 




i 


130.06203 


.761 


.65254 


.10846 


.7980 




2 


.23306 


•792 


.58008 


.21192 


265.1460 




3 


.40409 


.823 


.50762 


•31538 


•494o 




4 ■ 


.57512 


.854 


.43516 . 


.41884 


.8420 




5 


•74615 


.885 


.36270 


.52230 


266. 1900 




6 . 


.91718 


.916 


.29024 


.62576 


.5380 




7 


131. 08821 


• 947 


.21778 


.72922 


.8860 




8 


.25924 


.978 


•14532 


.83268 


267.2340 




9 


.43027 


1188.009 


.07286 


.93614 


.5820 


348 


• 


131.6013 


1188.040 


868.0004 


3200396 


267.9300 




i 


.77362 


.071 


867.92794. 


• 14306 


268.28076 




2 


•94594 


.102 


.85548. 


.24652 


.63152 




3 


132.11826 


.133 


.78302 


• 34998 


.98228 




4 


.29058 


.164 


.71056. 


•45344 


269.33304 




5 


.46290 


• 195 


.63810 


.55690 


.68380 




6 


.63522 


.226 


•56564. 


.66036 


270.03456 




7 . 


.80754 


• 257 


.49318 


.76382 


.38532 




8 . 


.97986 


.288 


.42072. 


.86728 


• 73608 




9 


133.15218 


•319 


.34826 


.97074 


271.08684 


349 


° 


133.3245 


1188.350 


867.2758 


321.0742 


2714376 




i 


.49909 


.381 


.20334. 


.17766 


.79284 




2 


.67368 


.412 


.13088 


.28112 


272.14808 




3 


.84827 


• 443 


•05842, 


.38458 


•50332 




4 


134.02286 


•474 


866.98596 


.48804 


.85856 




5 


•19745 


.505 . 


.91350 


• sg^o 


273.21380 




6 


.37204 


•536 


.84104 


. 69496 


.56904 




7 


.54663 


.567 


.76858. 


.79842 


.92428 




8 


.72122 


.598 


.69612. 


.90188 


274.27952 




9 


.89581 


.629 


.62366 


322.00534 


•63476 


550 


o 


135.0704 


1188.660 


866.5512 


322.1088 


274.9900 




.1 


. 24464 


• 691 


.47874. 


.21226 


275-3490 




.2 


.42288 


.722 


.40628 


•31572 


.7080 




.3 . 


.59912 


• 753 


.33382 


.41918 


276.0670 




•4 


.77536 . 


.784 


.26136. 


.52264 


.4260 




• 5 


.95160 


.815 


.18890 


.62610 


.7850 




.6 


136.12784 


.846 


.11644. 


.72956 


277.1440 




• 7 


. 30408 


•877 . 


.04398 


.83302 


• 5030 




.8 


.48032 


.908 


865.97152. 


• 93648 


.8620 




•9 


.65656 


•939 


. 89906 


323.03994 


278.2210 


351 


o 


136.8328 


1188.970 


865.8266 


323.1434 


278.5800 




I 


137.01132 


1 189. 001 


•75414 


.24686 


•9435 




2 


.18984 


.032 


.68168 


•35032 


279-3070 




3 


.36836 


.063 


. 60922 


•45378 


.6705 




4 


.54688 . 


.094 


.53676 


•55724 


280.0340 




5 . 


.72540 


.125 


.46430 


.66070 


• 3975 




6 


. 90392 


.156 


.39184 


.76416 


.7610 




7 


138.08244 


.187 . 


•31938 


.86762 


281.1245 




8 . 


. 26096 


.218 


. 24692 


.97108 


.4880 


•9 


.43948 


.249 


.17446 


324.07454 


.8515 



3« 



PRA VS CALORIMETER TABLES. 



a a 

3 oS 




2 *" 


3 fe 


a a 


■I. 


Temperat 
of the Ste 


Absolut 
pressure in 
sq. in. 
IP 


Total he 
from 32 


Latent h( 
from 3 2 


Heat unit 
the water f 
32° F. 
ll 


Pressure 

inches of I 

cury. 


352.° 


138.6180 


1189.280 


865.1020 


324.1780 


282.2150 




i 


•79754 


•311 


.02954 


.28146 


.5806 




2 


.97708 


.342 


864.95708 


.38492 


.9462 




3 


139.15662 


• 373 


.88462 


.48838 


283.3118 




4 


.33616 


•404 


.81216 


.59184 


.6774 




5 


•5i57o 


• 435 


• 73970 


.69530 


284.0430 




6 


.69524 


.466 


.66724 


.79876 


.4186 




7 


.87478 


•497 


•59478 


.90222 


.7742 




8 


140.05432 


.528 


.52232 


325.00568 


285.139S 




9 


.23386 


•559 


.44986 


.10914 


•5054 


353 


o 


140.4134 


1189.590 


864.3774 


325.2126 


285.8710 




I 


•59534 


.621 


.30494 


.31606 


286.24132 




2 


.77728 


.652 


.23249 


.41952 


.61164 




3 


.95922 


.683 


.16002 


.52298 


.98196 




4 


141.14116 


.714 


.08756 


. 62644 


287.35228 




5 


.32310 


• 745 


.01510 


. 72990 


.72260 




6 


.50504 


.776 


863.94264 


.83336 


288.09292 




7 


.68698 


.807 


.87018 


.93682 


.46324 




8 


.86892 


.838 


•79772 


326.04028 


.83356 




9 


142.05086 


.869 


.72526 


• 14374 


289.20388 


354 


o 


142.2328 


1189.900 


863.6528 


326.2472 


289.5742 




I 


.41612 


•93i 


•58034 


.35066 


•94732 




2 


• 59944 


.962 


.50788 


•45412 


290.32044 




3 


.78276 


•993 


•43542 


.55758 


•69356 




4 


. 96608 


1190.024 


.36296 


.66104 


291.06668 




5 


143.14940 


.055 


.29050 


.76450 


.43980 




6 


.33272 


.086 


.21804 


.86796 


.81292 




7 


.51604 


.117 


•14558 


.97142 


292.18604 




8 


.69936 


.148 


.07312 


327.07488 


•559i6 




9 


.88268 


.179 


. 00066 


.17834 


.93228 


355 





144.0660 


1190.210 


862.9282 


327.2818 


293.3054 




I 


•25157 


.241 


.85574 


.38526 


•68331 




2 


• 437U 


.272 


.78328 


.48872 


294 06122 




■3 


.62271 


.303 


.71082 


.59218 


•439*3 




4 


.80828 


•334 


.63836 


.69564 


.81704 




•5 


.99485 


•365 


.56590 


.79910 


295.19495 




.6 


145.18042 


•396 


•49344 


.90256 


.57286 




•7 


.36599 


.427 


.42098 


328.00602 


.95077 




.8 


•55156 


•458 


.34852 


. 10948 


296.32868 




•9 


.73613 


.489 


.27606 


.21294 


•70659 


356 


o 


145.9217 


1190.52 


862.2036 


3283164 


2970845 




.1 


146.10873 


• 55 


.12979 


.42021 


.46521 




.2 


.29576 


.58 


.05598 


.52402 


.84592 




•3 


.48279 


.61 


861.98217 


.62783 


298.22663 




•4 


.66982 


.64 


.90836 


•73164 


.60734 




•5 


.85685 


.67 


•83455 


•83545 


.98805 




.6 


147.04388 


.70 


.76074 


.93926 


299.26876 




•7 


.23091 


• 73 


.68693 


329.04307 


.64947 




.8 


.41794 


.76 


.61312 


.14688 


300.03018 




•9 


.60497 


•79 


•53931 


.25069 


.41089 



PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



37 



Temperature 
of the Steam. 

IPO 


Absolute 

pressure in lbs. 

sq. in. 


Total heat 
from 32 F. 


Latent heat 
from 3 2 F. 


Heat units in 

the water from 

32 F. 


Pressure in 
inches of Mer- 
cury. 


357.° 


147.7920 


1190.82 


861.4655 


329.3545 


3008916 




i 


.98102 


.85 


.39169 


.45831 


301.27648 




2 


148.17004 


.88 


.31788 


.5621? 


.66136 




3 


•359°6 


.91 


.24407 


•66593 


302.04624 




4 


.54808 


•94 


.17026 


.76974 


.43112 




5 


.73710 


•97 


.09645 


.87355 


.81600 




6 


.92612 


1191.00 


.02264 


.97736 


303.20088 




7 


149.11514 


•03 


860.94883 


330.08117 


•58576 




8 


.30416 


.06 


.87502 


.18498 


.97064 




9 


.49318 


.09 


.80121 


.28879 


304 35552 


358. 





H96822 


1191.12 


8607274 


330.3926 


304.7404 




I 


.87328 


.15 


.65359 


.49641 


305-1295 




2 


150.06436 


.18 


•57978 


. 60022 


.5186 




3 


•25544 


.21 


•50597 


• 70403 


.9077 




4 


.44652 


.24 


.43216 


.80784 


306.2968 




5 


.63760 


•27 


.35835 


.91165 


.6859 




6 


.82868 


.30 


.28454 


331.01546 


307.0750 




7 


151. 01976 


• 33 


.21073 


.11927 


.4641 




8 


.21084 


.36 


. 13692 


.22308 


.8532 




9 


.40192 


• 39 


.06311 


.32689 


308.2423 


359 





151.5930 


1191.42 


859.9893 


3314307 


3086314 




I 


.78560 


•45 


•9*549 


•53451 


309.02326 




2 


.97820 


.48 


.84168 


.63832 


.41512 




3 


152.17080 


.51 


.76787 


.74213 


.80698 




4 


.37340 


•54 


.69406 


.84594 


310.19884 




5 


. 56600 


• 57 


.62025 


•94975 


.59070 




6 


.75860 


.60 


. 54644 


332.05356 


.98256 




7 


.95120 


.63 


.47263 


.15737 


311.37442 




8 


153-15380 


.66 


.39887 


.26118 


.76628 




9 


.34640 


.69 


•32501 


• 36499 


312.15814 


360 


o 


153.5190 


1191.72 


8592512 


332.4688 


312.5500 




.1 


.71331 


• 75 


•17739 


.57261 


.9470 




2 


.90762 


• 78 


.10358 


.67642 


3I3-3440 




•3 


154.10193 


.81 


.02977 


.78023 


.7410 




■4 


.29624 


.84 


858.95596 


.88404 


314.1380 




•5 


•49055 


.87 


.88215 


.98785 


• 5350 




.6 


.68486 


.90 


.80834 


333.09166 


.9320 




• 7 


.87917 


• 93 


•73453 


•19547 


315-3290 




.8 


155.07348 


.96 


.66072 


.29928 


, 7260 




•9 


.26779 


•99 


.5S691 


.40303 


316.5.230 


361 





155.4621 


1192.02 


8585131 


333.5069 


31(1.5200 




.1 


•65971 


.05 


•43929 


.61071 


.9211 




.2 


.85732 


.08 


.36548 


.71452 


31/. 3222 




•3 


156.05493 


.11 


.29167 


.81833 


• 7233 




• 4 


.25254 


.14 


.21786 


.92214 


318.1244 




•5 


.45015 


•17 


. 14405 


334.02595 


• 5255 




.6 


.64776 


.20 


.07024 


.12976 


.9266 




• 7 


.84537 


.23 


857.99643 


.23357 


319-3277 




.8 


157.04298 


.26 


.92262 


.33738 


.7288 




•9 


.24059 


.29 


.84881 


.44119 


320.1299 



38 



PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



Temperature 

of the Steam. 

IPO 


Absolute 

pressure in lbs. 

sq. in. 

IP 

Total heat 
from 17.° F. 


■H 


Latent heat 
from 3 2 F. 


Heat units in 

the water from 

32 F. 

li 


Pressure in 
inches of Mer- 
cury. 


362° 


157.4382 1192 


32 


857.7750 


334.5450 


320.5310 




i 


. 63664 


35 


.70119 


.64881 


•935o 




2 


.83508 


38 


.62738 


.75262 


321.3390 




3 


158.03352 


4i 


•55357 


.85643 


.7430 




4 


.23196 


44 


•47956 


. 96024 


322.1470 




5 


.43040 


47 


.40595 


335.06405 


.5510 




6 


.62884 


50 


.33214 


.16786 


•955o 




7 


.82728 


53 


.25833 


.27167 


323-359° 




8 


159.02572 


56 


.18452 


.37548 


.7630 




9 


.22416 


59 


.11071 


.47029 


324.1670 


363 


o 


159.4226 1192 


62 


857.0369 


335.5831 


324.5710 




I 


•62355 


65 


856.96309 


.68691 


.98014 




2 


.82450 


68 


.88928 


.79072 


325.38928 




3 


160.02545 


7i 


•81547 


.89453 


• 79842 




4 


.22640 


74 


.74166 


•99834 


326.20756 




5 


.42735 


77 


.66785 


336.10215 


.61670 




6 


.62830 


80 


. 59404 


.20596 


327.02584 




7 


.82925 


83 


.52023 


.30977 


.43498 




8 


161.03020 


86 


.44642 


•41358 


.84412 




9 


•23115 


89 


.37261 


.51739 


328.25326 


364 


o 


161.4321 1192 


92 


856.2988 


336.6212 


328.6624 




I 


. 63409 


95 


. 22499 


.72501 


329.07361 




2 


.83608 


98 


.15118 


.82882 


.48482 




3 


162.03807 1193 


01 


.07732 


.93263 


. 89603 




4 


. 24006 


04 


.00356 


337.03644 


330.30724 




5 


.44205 


07 


855-92975 


. 14025 


•71845 




6 


.64404 


10 


.85594 


. 24406 


331. 12966 




7 


. 84603 


13 


.78213 


.34787 


• 54087 




8 


163.04802 


16 


.70832 


.45168 


.95208 




9 


.25001 


19 


•63451 


•55549 


332.36239 


365 





163.4520 1193 


22 


855.5607 


337.6593 


332.7745 




I 


.65650 


25 


.48689 


.76311 


333.19086 




2 


.86100 


28 


.41308 


.86692 


.60722 




3 


164.06550 


31 


•33927 


.97073 


334.02358 




4 


.27000 


34 


.26546 


338.07454 


•43994 




5 


•47450 


37 


.19165 


.17835 


.85630 




6 


. 67900 


.40 


.11784 


.28216 


335.27266 




7 


.88350 


43 


.04403 


.38597 


.68902 




8 


165.08800 


46 


854.97022 


.48978 


336.10538 




9 


.29250 


49 


.89641 


•59359 


•52174 


366 


o 


165.4970 1193 


52 


854.8226 


3386974 


336.9381 




I 


.70367 


55 


.74879 


.80121 


337.35887 




2 


.91034 


58 


.67498 


.90502 


.77964 




3 


166.11701 


61 


.60117 


339.00883 


338.20041 




4 


.32368 


64 


•52736 


. 1 1 264 


.62118 




5 


53035 


67 


•45355 


.21645 


339.04195 




6 


.73702 


70 


•37974 


.32026 


.46272 




7 


•94369 


73 


.30593 


.42407 


.88349 




8 


167.15036 


76 


.23212 


.52788 


340.30426 




9 


•35703 


79 


.15831 


.63169 


.72503 



PRATS CALORIMETER TABLES. 



39 



Temperature 
of the Steam. 

IPO 




Absolute 

pressure in lbs. 

sq in. 

IP 

Total heat 
from 32 F. 


w 


Latent heat 
from 32 F. 


Heat units in 

the water from 

32° F. 

li 


Pressure in 
inches of Mer- 
cury. 


367.° 


167.5637 1193. 


82 


854.0845 


3397355 


341.1458 


.1 


•77257 


85 


.oio6q 


.83931 


•57103 


.2 


.98144 


88 


853-93688 


.94312 


.99626 


• 3 


168.19031 


9i 


.86307 


340.04693 


342.42149 


•4 


.39918 


94 


.78926 


.15074 


.84672 


•5 


.60805 


97 


.71545 


•25455 


343.27195 


.6 


.81692 1194. 


00 


.64164 


•35836 


.69718 


•7 


169.02579 


03 


•56783 


.46217 


344.12241 


.8 


.23466 


06 


.49402 


.56598 


. 54764 


•9 


•44353 


09 


.42021 


.66979 


.97287 


368.° 


169.6524 1194. 


12 


853.3464 


340.7736 


345.3981 


.i 


.86226 


15 


.27259 


•87741 


.82543 


.2 


170.07212 


18 


.19878 


.98122 


346.25276 


•3 


.28198 


21 


.12497 


341.08503 


. 68009 


•4 


.49184 


24 


.05116 


.18884 


347.10742 


• 5 


.70170 


27 


852.97735 


.29265 


•53475 


.6 


.91156 


30 


.90354 


.39646 


.96208 


•7 


171.12142 


33 


.82973 


.50027 


348.38941 


.3 


.33128 


36 


•75592 


. 60408 


.81674 


•9 


.54114 


39 


.68211 


.70789 


349.24407 


369.° 


171.7510 1194 


42 


852.6083 


341.8117 


349.6714 


.i 


•96352 


45 


•53449 


•91551 


350.10401 


.2 


172.17604 


48 


.46068 


342.01932 


.53662 


• 3 


.38856 


51 


.38687 


.12313 


.96923 


■4 


.60108 


54 


.31306 


.22694 


351.40184 


• 5 


.81360 


57 


.239 2 5 


.33075 


•83445 


.6 


173.02612 


60 


.16544 


.43456 


352.26706 


•7 


.23864 


63 


.09163 


•53837 


.69967 


.8 


.45116 


66 


.01782 


.64218 


353.13228 


•9 


.66368 


69 


851.94401 


•74599 


.56489 


370° 


173.8762 1194 


72 


851.8702 


342.8498 


353.9975 


.i 


174.09091 


75 


• 79639 


•9536r 


354-43475 


.2 


.30562 


78 


.72258 


343.05742 


.87200 


• 3 


•52033 


.81 


.64877 


. 16123 


355-30925 


•4 


•73504 


84 


.57496 


.26504 


.74650 


•5 


•94975 


.87 


.50115 


.36885 


356.18375 


.6 


175.16446 


.90 


.42734 


.47266 


.62100 


•7 


.37917 


•93 


.35353 


•57647 


357.05825 


.8 


.59388 


.96 


.27972 


. 68028 


.49550 


•9 


.80859 


•99 


.20591 


.78409 


.93275 


371.° 


176.0233 1195 


.02 


851.1321 


343.8879 


358.3700 


.i 


.23997 


•05 


.05829 


.99171 


.81073 


.2 


.45664 


.08 


850.98448 


344.09552 


' 359-25146 


• 3 


•67331 


.11 


.91067 


.19933 


.69219 


•4 


.8S998 


.14 


.83686 


.30314 


360.13292 


•5 


177.10665 


•17 


•76305 


.40695 


.57365 


.6 


•32332 


.20 


.68924 


.51076 


361.01438 


• 7 


•53999 


•23 


•61543 


.61457 


.45511 


.8 


.75666 


.26 


.54162 


.71838 


.89584 


• 9 


•97333 


.29 


.46781 


.82219 


362.33657 



4o 



PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



Temperature 
of the Steam. 


Absolute 

pressure in lbs. 

sq. in. 

IP 


Total heat 
from 32° F. 


Latent heat 
from 3 2 F. 


Heat units in 

the water from 

32° F. 


Pressure in 
inches of Mer- 
cury. 


372 ° 


178.1900 


1195.32 


850.3940 


344.9260 


362.7773 




i 


.40908 


• 35 


.32019 


345.02981 


363.22357 




2 


.62816 


.38 


.24638 


.13362 


.66984 




3 


.84724 


.41 


•17257 


•23743 


364.11611 




4 


179.06632 


•44 


.09876 


.34124 


.56238 




5 


.28540 


.47 


.02495 


.44505 


365.00865 




6 


.5-448 


.50 


849.95114 


.54886 


.45492 




7 


.72356 


•53 


.87733 


.65267 


.90119 




8 


.94264 


.56 


.80352 


•75648 


366.34746 




9 


180.16172 


•59 


.72971 


. 86029 


•79373 


373. 


o 


180.3808 


1195.62 


849.6559 


345.9641 


3672400 




I 


.60100 


.65 


.58209 


346.06791 


.68835 




2 


.82120 


.68 


.50828 


.17172 


368.13670 




3 


181. 04140 


•71 


•43447 


•27553 


•58505 




4 


.26160 


•74 


.36066 


•37934 


369.03340 




5 


.48180 


•77 


.28685 


•48315 


•48175 




6 


. 70200 


.80 


.21304 


.58696 


.93010 




7 


.92220 


.83 


•13923 


.69079 


370.37845 




8 


182.14240 


.86 


• 065 \2 


•79458 


.82680 




9 


.36260 


•89 


848.99161 


346.89839 


371-27515 


374 





182.5828 


1195.92 


848.9178 


347.0022 


371.7235 




I 


.80572 


.951 


•84459 


. 1 0641 


372.17733 




2 


183.02864 


.9S2 


•77138 


.21062 


.63116 




3 


.25156 


1196.013 


.69817 


.31483 


373.08499 




4 


.47448 


.044 


.62496 


.41904 


.53882 




5 


.6^760 


•075 


.55175 


.52325 


.99265 




6 


.92032 


.106 


.47854 


.62746 


374.44648 




7 


184.14324 


.137 


•40533 


.73167 


.90031 




8 


.36616 


.168 


.33212 


.83588 


375-35414 




9 


.58908 


.199 


.25891 


347.94009 


.80797 


375 





184.8120 


1196.23 


848.1857 


3480443 


376.2618 




.1 


185.03718 


.261 


.11249 


.14851 


.72027 




.2 


.26236 


.292 


.03928 


.25272 


377.17874 




•3 


.48754 


•323 


847.96607 


•35693 


•63721 




4 


.71272 


• 354 


.89286 


.46114 


378.09568 




5 


•93790 


.385 


.81965 


•56535 


•55415 




.6 


186.16308 


.416 


.74644 


.66956 


379.01262 




•7 


.38826 


•447 


.67323 


.77377 


.47109 




.8 


•51344 


.478 


. 60002 


.87798 


.92956 




•9 


.83862 


.509 


.52681 


348.98219 


380.38803 


376 





187.0638 


1196.54 


847.4536 


349.0864 


380.8465 




.1 


. 29089 


• 571 


• 38039 


.19061 


381.30885 




.2 


•51798 


.602 


.30718 


.29482 


.77120 




•3 


.74507 


.633 


.23397 


.39903 


382.23355 




'4 


.97216 


.664 


.16076 


• 50324 


.69590 




• 5 


188.19925 


.695 


.08755 


.60745 


383.15825 




.6 


.42634 


.726 


•01434 


.71166 


. 62060 




.7 


•65343 


• 757 


846.94113 


.81587 


384.08295 




.8 


.88052 


.788 


.86792 


349.92008 


.54530 




•9 


189.10761 


.819 


•7947i 


350.02429 


385.00765 



PRATS CALORIMETER TABLES. 



4i 



:mperature 
the Steam. 

IPO 


co 

»a 

2 *~ Qj 

<3 co 


"otal heat 
om 32 F. 


si in 

,£5 0^ 
C "A 

2 B 

ri O 


jat units in 
water from 
32° F. 


ressure in 
hes of Mer- 
cury. 


H^ 


u 

a 


t" 1 C 


J £ 


ffij 


* J 


377° 


189.3347 


1196.85 


846.7215 


350.1285 


385.4700 




1 


. 56406 


.881 


.64829 


.23271 


.9370 




2 


•79342 


.912 


.57508 


.33692 


386.4040 




3 


190.02278 


•943 


.50187 


.44113 


.8710 




4 


.25214 


•974 


.42866 


•54534 


387-3380 




5 


.48150 


1197.005 


•35545 


.64955 


.8050 




6 


.71086 


.036 


.28224 


.75376 


388.2720 




7 


.94022 


.067 


. 20903 


.85797 


.7390 




8 


191. 16958 


.098 


.13582 


.96218 


389.2060 




9 


.39894 


.129 


.06261 


351.06639 


.6730 


378 





191.6283 


1197.160 


845.9894 


351.1706 


390.14 




1 


.85914 


.191 


.91619 


.27481 


.61 




2 


192.08998 


.222 


.84298 


.37902 


39*.o8 




3 


.32082 


.253 


.76977 


.48323 


•55 




4 


.55166 


.284 


.69656 


•58744 


392.02 




5 


.78250 


.315 


.62335 


.69165 


•49 




6 


193.01334 


.346 


•55014 


.79586 


.96 




7 


.24418 


• 377 


•47693 


. 90007 


393-43 




8 


.47502 


.408 


.40372 


352.00428 


• 90 




9 


.70586 


•439 


•33051 


. 10849 


394-37 


379 





193.9367 


1197.470 


8452573 


352.2127 


394.840 




1 


194.17076 


.501 


. 1 8409 


.31691 


395-3i6 




2 


.40482 


.532 


.11088 


.42112 


.792 




3 


.63888 


•563 


•03767 


.52533 


396.268 




4 


.87294 


•594 


844.96446 


.62954 


-744 




5 


195.10700 


.625 


.09125 


•73375 


397.220 




6 


.34106 


.656 


.81804 


.83796 


.696 




7 


.57512 


.687 


•74483 


.94217 


39S.172 




8 


.80918 


.718 


.67162 


353.04638 


.648 




9 


196.04324 


•749 


.59841 


•15059 


399.124 


380 





196.2773 


1197.780 


844.5252 


353.2548 


399.60 




1 


.51281 


.811 


•45199 


.35901 


400 . 08 




2 


.74832 


.842 


.37878 


.46322 


.56 




• 3 


.98383 


.873 


.30557 


.56743 


401.04 




4 


197.21934 


.904 


.23236 


.67164 


.52 




5 


.45485 


•935 


•15915 


.77585 


402 . 00 




.6 


.69036 


.966 


.08594 


.88006 


.48 




• 7 


.92587 


•997 


.01273 


•98427 


.96 




8 


198.16138 


1198.028 


843.93952 


354.08848 


403.44 




9 


.39689 


•059 


.86631 


. 19269 


.92 


381 





1986324 


1198.090 


843.7931 


354.2969 


404.4000 




1 


.8708 


.121 


.71989 


.40111 


.88344 




2 


199.1092 


.152 


.64668 


•50532 


405.36688 




3 


•3476 


.183 


•57347 


•60953 


.85032 




4 


.5860 


.214 


. 50026 


•71374 


406.33376 




• 5 


.8244 


• 245 


•42705 


•81795 


.81720 




6 


200.0628 


.276 


.35384 


.92216 


407 . 30064 




7 


.3012 


.307 


. 28063 


355.02637 


. 78408 




8 


.5396 


.338 


. 20742 


.13058 


408.26752 




•9 


200.7780 


.369 


.13421 


.23479 


.75096 



42 



PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



2 rt 


«£ 


* fa 




.si 


a 6 
'" g 


Tempera 
of the St( 


Absolu 

pressure ii 

sq. in 


Total h< 
from 32 


Latent h 
from 32 
la 


j Heat unit 
the water 
32 F 
Ix 


Pressure 

inches of] 

cury. 


382.°. 


2010164 


1198.400 


843.0610 


355.3390 


409.2344 




i 


•25565 


•43i 


842.98779 


•44321 


.72326 




2 


• 4949° 


.462 


.91458 


•54742 


410.21212 




3 


.73415 


• 493 


.84137 


.65163 


. 70098 




4 


.97340 


• 524 


.76816 


.75584 


411. 18984 




5 


202.21265 


•555 


.69495 


.86005 


.67870 




6 


.45190 


.586 


.62174 


. 96426 


412.16756 




7 


.69115 


.617 


.54853 


356.06847 


.65642 




8 


.93040 


.648 


•47532 


.17268 


413.14528 




9 


203.16695 


.679 


.40211 


.27689 


.63414 


383 


° 


203.4089 


1198.710 


842.3289 


356.3811 


414.1230 




i 


.65201 


•74i 


.25569 


•48531 


.61805 




2 


.89512 


.772 


.18248 


•58952 


415.11310 




3 


204.13823 


.803 


.10927 


.69373 


.60815 




4 


.38134 


.834 


.03606 


• 79794 


416.10320 




5 


.62445 


.865 


841.96285 


.90215 


.59825 




6 


.86756 


.896 


.88964 


357.00636 


417.09330 




7 


205.11067 


.927 


.81643 


.11057 


.58835 




8 


•35378 


•958 


.74322 


.21478 


418.08340 




9 


.59689 


.989 


.67001 


.31899 


.57845 


384 


o 


205.8400 


1199.020 


841.5968 


357.4232 


4190735 




I 


206.08364 


.051 


•52359 


•52741 


.56945 




2 


.32728 


.082 


.45038 


.63162 


420.06540 




3 


.57092 


.113 


•37717 


.73583 


.56135 




4 


.81456 


.144 


. 30396 


. 84004 


421.05730 




5 


207.05820 


•i75 


.23075 


.94425 


.55325 




6 


•30184 


.206 


•15754 


358.04846 


422.04920 




7 


.54548 


.237 


.08433 


.15267 


.54515 




8 


.78912 


.268 


.01112 


.25688 


423.04110 




9 


208.03276 


•299 


840.93791 


.36109 


.53705 


385 


o 


208.2764 


1199.330 


840.8647 


358.4653 


424.0330 




I 


.52291 


.361 


.79149 


.56951 


• 53490 




.2 


.76942 


• 392 


.71828 


.67372 


425.03680 




3 


209.01593 


.423 


.64507 


•77793 


•53870 




4 


.26244 


•454 


.57186 


.88214 


426.04060 




5 


•50895 


.485 


.49865 


.98635- 


•54250 




.6 


.75546 


.516 


•42544 


359.09056 


427.04440 




7 


210.00197 


•547 


•35223 


.19477 


. 54630 




.8 


.24848 


.578 


, 27902 


.29898 


428.04820 




•9 


.49499 


.609 


.20581 


.40319 


.55010 


386 


o 


210.7415 


1199.640 


840.1326 


359.5074 


429.0520 




.1 


• 99043 


.671 


•05939 


.61161 


.5588 




.2 


211.23936 


.702 


839.98618 


.71582 


430.0656 




• 3 


.48829 


•733 


.91297 


.82003 


.5724 




•4 


.73722 


.764 


.83976 


.92424 


431.0792 




• 5 


.98615 


•795 


.76655 


360.02845 


.5860 




.6 


212.23508 


.826 


•69334 


.13266 


432.0928 




7 


.48401 


•857 


.62013 


.23687 


.5996 




.8 


.73294 


.888 


. 54692 


.34108 


433.1064 




•9 


.98187 


.919 


•4737i 


.44529 


.6132 



PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



43 



Temperature 
of the Steam. 

IPO 


Absolute 

pressure in lbs. 

sq in. 

I* 


Total heat 

from 32 F. 

EC 


Latent heat 
from 32 F. 


Heat units in 

the water from 

32° F. 


Pressure in 
inches of Mer- 
cury. 


387.° 


213.2308 


1199.950 


839.4005 


3605495 


434.1200 


. i 


.48218 


.981 


.32729 


.65371 


.63171 


.2 


.73356 


1200.012 


.25408 


.75792 


435.14342 


• 3 


.98494 


.043 


.18087 


.86213 


•65513 


.4 


214.23632 


-074 


.10766 


.96634 


436. 16684 


•5 


.48770 


.105 


•03445 


361.07055 


•67855 


.6 


• 73908 


.136 


838.96124 


.17476 


437.19026 


•7 


.99046 


.167 


.88803 


•27897 


•70197 


.8 


215.24184 


.198 


.81482 


.38318 


438.21368 


•9 


.49322 


.229 


.74161 


.48739 


•72539 


388.° 


215.7446 


1200.260 


838.6684 


361.5916 


4392371 


. i 


.99814 


.291 


.59519 


.69581 


•75297 


.2 


216.25168 


. 322 


.52198 


. 80002 


440.26884 


• 3 


.50522 


• 353 


.44877 


.90423 


.78471 


• 4 


.75876 


•384 


.37556 


362.00844 


441.30058 


•5 


217.01230 


.415 


.30235 


.11265 


.81645 


.6 


.26584 


.446 


.22914 


.21686 


442.33232 


-7 


.51938 


• 477 


•15593 


.32107 


.84819 


.8 


.77292 


.508 


.08272 


.42528 


443 • 36406 


•9 


218.02646 


•539 


.00951 


•52949 


87993 


389° 


218.2800 


1200570 


8379363 


362.6337 


444.3958 


.i 


•535io 


.601 


.86309 


•73791 


•91555 


.2 


.79020 


.632 


.78988 


.84212 


445.43530 


• 3 


219.04530 


.663 


.71667 


.94633 


•95505 


• 4 


. 30040 


.694 


.64346 


363.05054 


446.47480 


• 5 


•5555o 


.725 


.57025 


•15475 


•99455 


.6 


.81060 


.756 


.49704 


.25896 


447.51430 


•7 


220.06570 


.787 


.42383 


•36317 


448.03405 


.8 


.32080 


.818 


.35062 


•46738 


•5538o 


•9 


.57590 


.849 


.27741 


.57159 


449-07355 


390° 


220.8310 


1200880 


83 7. 2042 


363.6758 


449.5933 


.i 


221.08928 


.911 


.13099 


.78001 


450.11917 


.2 


.34756 


.942 


.05778 


.88422 


.64504 


•3 


.60584 


•973 


836.98451 


.98843 


451.17091 


•4 


.86412 


1201.004 


.91136 


364.09264 


.69678 


• 5 


222.12240 


.035 


.83815 


.19685 


452.22265 


.6 


.38068 


.066 


• 76494 


.30106 


.74852 


•7 


.63896 


.097 


.69173 


.40527 


453.27439 


.8 


.89724 


.128 


.61852 


.50948 


.80026 


•9 


.15552 


.159 


•54531 


.61369 


454-32613 


391° 


223.4138 


1201.190 


836.4721 


364.7179 


454.8520 


. i 


•67459 


.221 


.39889 


.82211 


455.38292 


.2 


•93538 


.252 


.32568 


.92632 


.91384 


• 3 


224. 19617 


.283 


•25247 


365.03053 


456.44476 


•4 


.45696 


•314 


.17926 


.13474 


.97568 


•5 


•7*765 


•345 


.10605 


.23895 


457.50660 


.6 


•97844 


.376 


.03284 


.34316 


458.03752 


•7 


225.23923 


•407 


835-95963 


•44737 


.56844 


.8 


. 50002 


.438 


.88642 


•55158 


459.09936 


•9 


.76081 


.469 

1 


.81321 


.65579 


.63028 



44 



PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



a 4 


i 


•H ErT 


* fa." 


a E 


a v 


Temperatu 
of the Stea 


Absolute 
pressure in 1 
sq. in. 
IP 


Total hea 
from 32° ] 


Latent he; 
from 3 2 


Heat units 
the water fr 
32° F. 


Pressure i 
inches of M 
cury. 


392 ° 


226.0217 


1201.50 


835.7400 


365.7600 


460.1612 




i 


.28453 


• 53 


.6654 


.8646 


.69618 




2 


.54736 


.56 


.5908 


.9642 


461.23116 




3 


.81019 


•59 


.5162 


366.0738 


.76614 




4 


227.07302 


.62 


.4416 


.1784 


462.30112 




5 


.33585 


.65 


.3670 


.2830 


.83610 




6 


.59868 


.68 


.2924 


.3876 


463.37108 




7 


.86151 


• 71 


.2178 


.4922 


. 90606 




8 


228.12434 


•74 


.1432 


.5968 


464.44104 




9 


•38717 


.77 


.0686 


.7014 


.97602 


393. 





228.6500 


1201.80 


834.9940 


366.8060 


465.511 




I 


.91470 


.83 


.9194 


.9106 


466.050 




2 


229.17940 


.86 


.8448 


367.0152 


.589 




3 


.44410 


.89 


.7702 


.1198 


467.128 




4 


.70880 


.92 


.6956 


.2244 


.667 




5 


•97350 


•95 


.6210 


.3290 


468 . 206 




6 


230.23820 


.98 


.5464 


.4336 


•745 




7 


.50290 


1202.01 


.4718 


.5382 


469.284 




8 


.76760 


.04 


• 3972 


.6428 


.823 




9 


231.03230 


.07 


.3226 


• 7474 


470.362 


394 





231.2970 


1202.10 


834.2480 


3678520 


470.9010 




I 


.56376 


.13 


• 1734 


.9566 


47L444I 




2 


.83052 


.16 


.0988 


368.0612 


.9872 




3 


232.09728 


.19 


.0242 


.1658 


472.5303 




4 


.36404 


.22 


833.9496 


.2704 


473.0734 




5 


. 63080 


• 25 


.8750 


• 3750 


.6165 




6 


.89756 


.28 


.8004 


.4796 


474.1596 




7 


233.16432 


.31 


.7258 


.5842 


.7027 




8 


.43108 


•34 


.6512 


.6888 


475-2458 




•9 


.6978-1 


• 37 


.5766 


.7834 


.7889 


395 





233.9646 


1202.40 


8335020 


368.8980 


476.3320 




. [ 


234.23442 


•43 


.4274 


369.0026 


.8813 




.2 


• 50424 


.46 


.3528 


.1072 


477.4306 




•3 


.77406 


•49 


.2782 


.2118 


•9799 




•4 


235.04388 


.52 


.2036 


.3164 


478.5292 




• 5 


•31370 


• 55 


.1290 


.4210 


479 785 




.6 


.58352 


•58 


• 0544 


.5256 


.6278 




•7 


.85334 


.61 


832.9798 


.6302 


480.1771 




.8 


236.12316 


.64 


.9052 


.7348 


.7264 




•9 


.39298 


.67 


.8306 


•8394 


481.2757 


396 





236.6628 


1202.70 


832.7560 


369.9440 


481.8250 




.1 


• 93464 


.73 


.6814 


370.0486 


482.3785 




.2 


237.20648 


.76 


.6068 


.1532 


.9320 




•3 


.47832 


•79 


.5322 


.2578 


483-4855 




•4 


.75016 


.82 


.4576 


.3624 


484.0390 




• 5 


238.02200 


.85 


•3830 


.4670 


.5925 




.6 


.29384 


.88 


.3084 


.5716 


485.1460 




• 7 


.56568 


.91 


•2338 


.6762 


.6995 




.8 


.83752 


.94 


.1592 


.7808 


486.2530 


•9 


239. 10936 


•97 


832.0846 


.8854 


.8065 



PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



45 



Temperature 
of the Steam. 


Absolute 

pressure in lbs. 

sq. in. 

IP 


Total heat 
from 32 F. 


Latent heat 
from 3 2 F. 


Heat units in 

the water from 

32 F. 


Pressure in 
inches of Mer- 
cury. 


397.° 


239.3812 


1203.00 


832.0100 


370.9900 


487.3600 




i 


.65616 


• 03 


83I-9354 


371.0946 


.9198 




2 


.93112 


.06 


.8608 


,1992 


488.4796 




3 


240.20608 


.09 


.7862 


•3038 


489.0394 




4 


.48104 


.12 


.7116 


.4084 


• 5992 




5 


.75600 


• 15 


•6370 


.5130 


49° - 1 590 




6 


241.03096 


.18 


.5624 


.6176 


.7188 




7 


.3059 2 


.21 


.4878 


.7222 


491.2786 




8 


.58088 


.24 


.4132 


.8268 


.8384 




9 


.85584 


.27 


.3386 


• 93i4 


49 2 -3982 


398 


o 


242.1308 


1203.30 


8312640 


372.0360 


492.9580 




I 


.40779 


•33 


.1894 


.1406 


493.52193 




2 


.68478 


.36 


.1148 


.2452 


494.08586 




3 


.96177 


•39 


.0402 


.3498 


.64979 




4 


243.23876 


• 42 


830.9656 


•4544 


495.21372 




5 


.51575 


• 45 


.8910 


•5590 


.77765 




6 


.79274 


.48 


.8164 


.6636 


496.34158 




7 


244.06973 


•5i 


.7418 


.7682 


•90551 




8 


.34672 


• 54 


.6672 


.8728 


497.46944 




9 


.62371 


• 57 


.5926 


• 9774 


498.03337 


399 





244.9007 


1203.60 


8305180 


373 0820 


498.5973 




i 


245.17973 


.63 


•4434 


.1866 


499.16528 




2 


.45876 


.66 


.368S 


.2912 


.73326 




3 


•73779 


.69 


.2942 


•3958 


500.30124 




4 


246.01682 


• 72 


.2196 


.5004 


.86922 




5 


.29585 


•75 


.1450 


.6050 


501.43720 




6 


.57488 


.78 


.0704 


.7096 


502.00518 




7 


•85391 


.81 


829.9958 


.8142 


.57316 




8 


247.13294 


.84 


.9212 


.9188 


503.14114 




9 


.41197 


.87 


.8466 


374-0234 


.70912 


409 





247.6910 


1203.90 


829.7720 


374.1280 


504.2771 




I 


•97319 


•93 


•6974 


.2326 


.8517 




2 


248.25538 


.96 


.6228 


.3372 


505.4263 




3 


•53757 


•99 


.5482 


.4418 


506.0009 




4 


.81976 


1204.02 


•4736 


•5464 


•5755 




5 


249.10195 


•05 


.3990 


.6510 


507.1501 




6 


.38414 


.08 


•3244 


.7556 


.7247 




7 


.66633 


.11 


.2498 


.8602 


508.2993 




8 


.94852 


.14 


• 1752 


.9648 


•8739 




9 


250.23071 


• 17 


.1006 


375-0694 


509.4485 


401 





250.5129 


1204.20 


8290260 


375.1740 


510.0231 




I 


•79539 


.23 


828.9514 


.2786 


.59826 




2 


251.07788 


.26 


.8768 


•3832 


511. 17342 




3 


.36037 


.29 


.8022 


.4878 


•74858 




4 


.64286 


.32 


.7276 


•5924 


512.32374 




5 


•92535 


• 35 


• 6530 


.6970 


.89890 




6 


252.20784 


.38 


.5784 


.8016 


513.47406 




7 


.49033 


.41 


.5038 


.9062 


514.04922 




8 


.77282 


•44 


.4292 


376.0108 


.62438 


•9 


253-0553I 


•47 


.3546 


.1154 


5i5.i9954 



4 6 



PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



Temperature 
of the Steam. 


Absolute 

pressure in lbs. 

sq. in. 

IP 


Total heat 
from 32° F. 


Latent heat 
from 32 F. 


Heat units in 

the water from 

32° F. 


Pressure in 
inches of Mer- 
cury. 


402.° 


253.3378 


1204.50 


828.2800 . 


376.2200 


515.7747 




i 


.62585 


• 53 


.2054 


.3246 


516.36123 




2 


91390 


.56 


.1308. 


.4292 


.94776 




3 


254.20195 


•59 


,0562. 


•5338 


517-53429 




4 


. 49000 


.62 


827.9816. 


.6384 


518.12082 




5 


•77805 


.65 


.9070 


• 743o 


•70735 




6. 


255.06610 


.68 . 


.8324. 


.8476 


519.29388 




7 


•35415 


•71 


.7578 


.9522 


.88041 




8 


.64220 


•74 


.6832. 


377.0568 


520.46694 




9 


.93025 


•77 


.6086. 


.1614 


521.05347 


403. 


° 


256.2183 


1204.80 


827.5340 


377.2660 


521.6400 




i 


.50777 


.83 


•4594 


.3706 


522.22932 




2 


.79724 


.86 


.3848 


•4752 


.81864 




3 


257.08671 


.89 


.3102. 


.5798 


523.40796 




4 


.37618 


.92 


•2356. 


.6844 


.99728 




5 


.66565 


•95 


. 1610 


.7890 


524.58660 




6 


.95512 


.98 


.0864 


.8936 


525-17592 




7 


258.24459 


1205.01 


.0118. 


.9982 


.76524 




8 


.53406 


.04 


826.9372 


378.1028 


526.35456 




9 


.82353 


•07 


.8626 


.2074 


.94388 


404 


o 


259.1130 


1205.10 


826.7880 


378.3120 


527.5332 




I 


.40470 


.13 


.7134 


.4166 


528.12688 




2 


.69640 


.16 


.6388. 


.5212 


.72056 




3 


.98810 


.19 


.5642 


.6258 


529.31424 




4 


260.27980 


.22 


.4896 


• 7304 


.90792 




5 


•57150 


.25 


.4150 


•8350 


530. 50160 




6 


.86320 


.28 


.3404 


• 9396 


531.09528 




7 


261.15490 


.31 


.2658 


379.0442 


.68896 




8 


. 44660 


• 34 


.1912 


.1488 


532.28264 




9 


.73830 


• 37 


.1166 


.2534 


.87632 


405 





262.0300 


1205.40 


826.0420 


379.3580 


533.4700 




I 


.32359 


• 43 


825.9674 


.4626 


534-06785 




2 


.61718 


.46 


.8928. 


.5672 


.66570 




3 


.91077 


• 49 


.8182 


.6718 


535.26355 




4 


263.20436 


.52 


.7436 


.7764 


.86140 




5 


•49795 


•55 


.6690 


.8810 


536.45925 




.6 


.79154 


.58 


• 5944 


.9856 


537.05710 




• 7 


264.08513 


.61 


.5198 


380.0902 


•65495 




.8 


•37872 


.64 


• 4452 


.1948 


538.25280 




•9 


.57231 


.67 


.3706 


•2994 


.85065 


406 


o 


264.9659 


1205.70 


825.2960 


380.4040 


539.4485 




. I 


265.26284 


.73 


.2214 


.5086 


540.05305 




.2 


.55978 


.76 


.1468 


.6132 


.65760 




•3 


.85672 . 


•79 


.0722 


.7178 


541.26215 




• 4 


266.15366 


.82 


824.9976 


.8224 


.86670 




• 5 


.45060 


.85 


.9230 


.9270 


542.47125 




.6 


•74754 • 


.88 . 


.8484 


381.0316 


543.07580 




• 7 


267.04448 


.91 


o7738 


.1362 


.68035 




.8 


.34142 


• 94 


. 6992 


. 2408 


544.28490 




• 9 


.63836 


•97 


.6246 


• 3454 


.88945 



PRATS CALORIMETER TABLES. 



47 



mperature 
the Steam. 

IPO 


en 

<3 en 




•^ °~ 
a *hl 

ri O 


.si 


ressure in 
hes of Mer- 
cury. 


H o 


i- 

a 


H £ 


»-) £ 


bB J 


*M 


407° 


267.9353 


1206.00 


824.5500 


381.4500 


545.4940 


.1 


268.23433 


• 03 


• 4754 


.5546 


546.1028 


.2 


.53336 


.06 


.4008 


.6592 


.7116 


• 3 


•83239 


.09 


.3262 . 


.7638 


547.3204 


•4 


269.13142 


.12 


.2516 


.8684 


.9292 


•5 


.43045 


.15 


.1770 


.9730 


548.5380 


.6 


.72948 


.18 


. 1024 


382.0776 


549.1468 


•7 


270.02851 


.21 


.0278 


.1822 


•7556 


.8 


32754 


.24 


823.9532 


.2868 


550.3644 


•9 


.62657 


.27 


.8786 


•39i4 


•9732 


408.° 


270.9256 


1206.30 


8238040 


382.4960 


551.5820 


. i 


271.22733 


•33 


.7294 


.6006 


552.19628 


.2 


. 52906 


• 36 


.6548 


.7052 


.81056 


• 3 


.83079 


•39 


.5802 


.8098 


553 42484 


•4 


272.13252 


• 42 


.5056 


.9144 


554.03912 


•5 


.43425 


•45 


.4310 


383.0190 


•65340 


.6 


•73598 


.48 


•3564 


. 1236 


555.26768 


•7 


273.03771 


•5i 


.2818 


.2282 


.88196 


.8 


•33944 


• 54 


.2072 


• 3328 


556.49624 


•9 


.64117 


• 57 


.1326 


• 4374 


557-11052 


409° 


2739429 


1206.60 


823.0580 


3835420 


557.7248 


.i 


274.24671 


• 63 


822.9834 . 


.6466 


558.34332 


.2 


•55052 


.66 


.9088 


.7512 


.96184 


• 3 


.85433 


.69 


.8342 


.S558 


559-58036 


• 4 


275.15814 


.72 


•7596 


9604 


560.19888 


•5 


.46195 


• 75 


.6850 


384.0650 


.81740 


.6 


•76576 


.78 


.6104 . 


. 1696 


561.43592 


•7 


276.06957 


.81 


•5358 


• 2742 


562.05444 


.8 


•37338 


.84 


.4612 . 


.3788 


.67296 


•9 


.67719 


.87 


.3866 


•4834 


563.29148 


410° 


276.9810 


1206.900 


822.3120 


384.5880 


563.910 


.i 


277.28819 


.931 


.23798 


.69302 


564.536 


.2 


•59538 


.962 


• 16396 


. 79804 


565.162 


•3 


.90257 


• 993 


.08994 


. 90306 


.788 


•4 


278.20976 


1207.024 


.01592 


385.00808 


566.414 


• 5 


.51695 


.055 


821.94190 


.11310 


567.040 


.6 


.82414 


.086 . 


.86788 


.21812 


.666 


• 7 


279.13133 


.117 


.79386 


•32314 


568.292 


.8 


.43852 


.148 


.71984 


.42816 


.918 


•9 


•7457i 


.179 


.64582 


•533i8 


569.544 


411 ° 


2800529 


1207.210 


821.5718 


385.6382 


570.1700 


. i 


.36217 


.241 


.49778 


.74322 


.7991 


.2 


.67144 


.272 


.42376 


.84824 


571.4282 


• 3 


.98071 


.303 


•34974 


.95326 


572.0573 


•4 


281.28998 


•334 


.27572 


386.05828 


.6864 


•5 


•599 2 5 


•365 


.20170 


. 16330 


573-3155 


.6 


.90852 


.396 


.12768 


.26832 


.9446 


• 7 


282.21779 


.427 


.05366 


•37334 


574-5737 


.8 


.52706 


.458 


820.97964 


.47836 


575.2028 


•9 


.83633 


.489 


.90562 


.58338 . 


.8319 



4 8 



PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



u B 

3 § 


CO 

»5 


tS.fe 


1 fe 


s 
™ s 


•S « 


Temperat 
of the Ste: 
IPo 


Absolut 
pressure in 
sq in. 
IP 


Total he 
from 32 


Latent hi 
from 32 


Heat unit 

the water f 

32 F. 


Pressure 

inches of ft 
cury. 


412.° 


283.1456 


1207.520 


820.8316 


386.6884 


576.4610 




i 


.45766 


•55i 


.75758 


.79342 


577-09653 




2 


.76972 


.582 


.68356 


.89844 


. 73206 




3 


284.08178 


.613 


.60954 


387.00346 


578.36759 




4 


•39384 


•644 


•53552 


. 10848 


579.00312 




5 


.70590 


.675 


.46150 


.21350 


.63865 




6 


285.01796 


.706 


.38748 


.31852 


580.27418 




7 


.33002 


• 737 


•31346 


•42354 


.90971 




8 


.64208 


.768 


•23944 


.52856 


581.54524 




9 


•95414 


•799 


.16542 


.63358 


582.18077 


413 





286.2662 


1207.830 


820.0914 


387.7386 


582.8163 




I 


.58101 


.861 


.01738 


.84362 


583.45702 




2 


.89582 


.892 


819.94336 


.94864 


584.09774 




3 


287.21063 


•923 


.86934 


388.05366 


.73846 




4 


.52544 


• 954 


•79532 


.15868 


585.37918 




5 


.84025 


.985 


.72130 


.26370 


586.01990 




6 


288.15506 


1208.016 


.64728 


.36872 


. 66062 




7 


.46987 


.047 


•57326 


•47374 


587.30134 




8 


. 78468 


.078 


• 49924 


.57876 


. 94206 




9 


289.09949 


.109 


.42522 


.68378 


588.58278 


414 





289.4143 


1208.140 


819.3512 


388.7888 


589.2235 




I 


.73124 


.171 


.27718 


.89382 


.86875 




2 


290.04818 


.202 


.20316 


.99884 


590.51400 




3 


.36512 


.233 


.12914 


389.10386 


59i.i59 2 5 




4 


.68206 


.264 


.05512 


.20888 


.80450 




5 


. 99900 


.295 


818.98110 


.31390 


592.44975 




6 


291.31594 


.326 


. 90708 


.41892 


593.09500 




7 


.63288 


• 357 


.83306 


.52394 


•74025 




8 


.94982 


.388 


.75904 


.62896 


594.38550 




9 


292.26676 


.419 


.68502 


•73398 


595.03075 


415 





292.5837 


1208.450 


818.6110 


389.8390 


595.6760 




I 


.90341 


.481 


.53698 


.94402 


596.32691 




2 


293.22312 


.512 


.46296 


390.04904 


.97782 




3 


.54283 


•543 


.38894 


.15406 


597.62873 




4 


.86254 


• 574 


.31492 


.25908 


598.27964 




5 


294.18225 


.605 


. 24090 


.36410 


.93055 




6 


.50196 


.636 


.16688 


.46912 


599.58146 




7 


.82167 


.667 


.09286 


.57414 


600.23237 




8 


295.14138 


.698 


.01884 


.67916 


.88328 




9 


.46109 


•729 


817.94482 


.78418 


601.53419 


416 


o 


295.7808 


1208.760 


817.8708 


390.8892 


602.1851 




I 


296.10332 


.791 


.79678 


.94422 


.84176 




2 


.42584 


.822 


.72276 


391.09924 


603.49842 




3 


.74836 


.853 


.64874 


. 20426 


604.15508 




4 


297.07088 


.884 


•57472 


.30928 


.81174 




5 


.39340 


.915 


. 50070 


.41430 


605.46840 




6 


.71592 


• 946 


.42668 


.51932 


606.12506 




7 


298.03844 


• 977 


.35266 


.62434 


.78172 




8 


. 36096 


1209.008 


•27864 


.72936 


607.43838 




9 


.68348 


.039 


. 20462 


.83438 


608.09504 



PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



49 



§ 6 ' 

5 rt 


v a 


« fa 


i fa 


c £ 
._ 


ressure in 
hes of Mer- 
cury. 




Absolut 

ssurein 

sq. in. 


•a "B 
2 i 


rt 


•S fa fa 


H<^ 


p. 


H £ 


J 0= 


x£ 


* .5 


417.° 


299.0060 


1209070 


8171306 


391.9391 


608.7517 




i 


.33066 


.101 


•05658 


392.04442 


609.41404 




2 


•65532 


.132 


816.98256 


. 14944 


610.07638 




3 


.97998 


.163 


.90854 


.25446 


.73872 




4 


300.30464 


.194 


•83452 


•35948 


61 r. 40106 




5 


.62930 


.225 


.76050 


.46450 


612.06340 




6 


•9539 6 


.256 


.68648 


•56952 


•72574 




7 


301.27^62 


.287 


.61246 


•67454 


613.38808 




8 


.60328 


.318 


.53844 


.77956 


614.05042 




9 


.92794 


•349 


.46442 


.88456 


.71276 


118 


° 


302.2526 


1209380 


816.3901 


392.9896 


615.3751 




i 


.58078 


.411 


.31638 


393.09462 


616.04184 




2 


.90896 


.442 


.24236 


.19964 


.70858 




3 


303.23714 


•473 


.16834 


. 30466 


6r7.37532 




4 


.56632 


•504 


.09432 


.40968 


618.04206 




5 


.89450 


•535 


.02030 


•51470 


.70880 




6 


304.22268 


.566 


815.94628 


.61972 


6i9-37554 




7 


.55086 


• 597 


.87226 


.72474 


620.04228 




8 


.87904 


.628 


.79824 


.82976 


. 70962 




9 


305.20622 


•659 


.72422 


•93478 


621.37576 


110 





305.5311 


1209.690 


815.6502 


391.0398 


622.0125 




I 


.8647 


.721 


.57618 


.14482 


.71499 




2 


306.1950 


• 7S2 


.50216 


.24984 


623.38748 




3 


.5253 


.783 


.42814 


.35486 


624.05997 




4 


.8556 


.814 


.35412 


.45988 


.73246 




5 


307.1859 


•845 


.28010 


. 56490 


625.40495 




6 


.5162 


.876 


. 20608 


.66992 


626.07744 




7 


.8465 


.907 


.13206 


•77494 


•749 (J 3 




8 


308.1768 


•938 


.05804 


.87996 


627.42242 




9 


•5071 


-969 


814.98402 


.98498 


628.09491 


#20 


o 


308.8371 


1210.000 


8119100 


395.0900 


6287671 




I 


309.17058 


.031 


•8359S 


- 19502 


629.44571 




2 


.50376 


.062 


.76196 


• 30004 


630. 12402 




3 


.83694 


.093 


.68794 


.40506 


.80233 




4 


310.17012 


.124 


.61392 


.51008 


631.48064 




5 


•50330 


■155 


•53990 


.61510 


632.15895 




6 


.83648 


.186 


.46588 


.72012 


.83726 




7 


311. 16966 


.217 


•39186 


.82514 


633.51557 




8 


-50284 


.248 


.31784 


•93016 


034.19388 




9 


.83602 


.279 


.24382 


396.03518 


.87219 


121 


o 


312.1692 


1210.310 


811.1698 


396.1102 


635.5505 




I 


.50526 


• 341 


.09578 


.24522 


636.23465 




2 


.84132 


.372 


.02176 


.35024 


.91880 




3 


313.17738 


•403 


813.94774 


•45526 


637.60295 




4 


.51344 


•434 . 


•87372 


.56028 


638.28710 




5 


.84950 


•465 


•7997o 


.66530 


.97125 




6 


314-18556 


•496 


.72568 


.77032 


639.65540 




7 


.52162 


.527 


.65166 


•87534 


640.33955 




8 


.85768 


• 5<8 


•57764 


.98036 


641.02370 


•9 


3i5-i9374 


•5S9 


.50362 


397.08538 


•70785 



5° 



PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



Temperature 
of the Steam. 


Absolute 

pressure in lbs 

sq. in. 


Total heat 
from 3 2 F. 


Latent heat 
from 3 2 F. 


Heat units in 

the water from 

32° F. 


Pressure in 
inches of Mer- 
cury. 


422.° 


3155298 


1210620 


8134296 


397.1904 


642.392 




. i 


.8687 


.651 


•35558 


.29542 


643.082 




.2 


316.2076 


.682 


.28156 


. 40044 


• 772 




•3 


•5465 


• 713 


.20754 


• 50546 


644.462 




• 4 


.8854 


•744 


.13352 


.61048 


645.152 




• 5 


317.2243 


• 775 


•05950 


.71550 


.842 




.6 


• 5632 


.806 


812.98548 


.82052 


646.532 




•7 


.9O2I 


.837 


.91146 


•92554 


647.222 




.8 


318.24IO 


.868 


•83744 


398.03056 


.912 




9 


•5799 


.899 


• 76342 


•13558 


648 . 602 


423 


o 


318.9188 


1210.930 


812.6894 


398.2406 


649.2920 




. I 


319.25992 


.961 


.61538 


.34562 


.9864 




.2 


.60104 


• 992 


•54136 


.45064 


650.6808 




3 


.94216 


1211.023 


•46734 


.55566 


651.3752 




4 


320.2832S 


• 054 


■39332 


.66068 


652.0696 




5 


.62440 


.085 


•31930 


•76570 


.7640 




6 


•9 6 552 


.116 


.24528 


.87072 


653-4584 




7 


321.30664 


.147 


. 17126 


•97574 


654.1528 




8 


.64776 


.178 


.09724 


399.0S076 


.8472 




9 


.98888 


.209 


.02322 


.18578 


655.5416 


424 


o 


322.3300 


1211.240 


811.9492 


399.2908 


656.2360 




I 


.67393 


.271 


.87518 


•39582 


.9363 




2 


323.01786 


.302 


.80116 


. 50084 


6^7.6366 




3 


.36179 


.333 


.72714 


.60586 


658.3369 




4 


.70572 


•364 


.65312 


.71088 


659.0372 




5 


324.04965 


•395 


•57911 


.81590 


•7375 




6 


.39358 


.426 


•50508 


.92092 


660.4378 




7 


•73751 


• 457 


.43106 


400.02594 


661.1381 




8 


325.08144 


.488 


•35704 


■ 13096 


.8384 




9 


.42537 


•519 


.28302 


•2359 8 


662.5387 


425 





325.7693 


1211.550 


811.2090 


400.3410 


6632390 




I 


326.11617 


.581 


13498 


. 44602 


•9452 




2 


.46304 


.612 


.06096 


.55104 


664.6514 




3 


.8oq9I 


.643 


810.98694 


.65606 


665.3576 




4 


327.15678 


.674 


.91292 


.76108 


666.0638 




5 


.50365 


.705 


.83890 


.86610 


•7700 




6 


.85052 


.736 


.76488 


.97112 


667.4762 




7 


328.19739 


.767 


. 69086 


401 .07614 


668.1824 




8 


.54426 


.798 


.61684 


.18116 


.8886 




9 


.89113 


.829 


• 54282 


.28618 


669.5948 


426 


° 


329.2380 


1211.860 


810.4688 


401.3912 


670.3010 




i 


.58782 


.891 


•39478 


.49622 


671.0132 




2 


•93764 


.922 


.32076 


.60124 


.7254 




3 


330.28746 


• 953 


.24674 


.70626 


672.4376 




4 


.63728 


.984 


.17272 


.81128 


673.1498 




5 


.98710 


1212.015 


.09870 


.91630 


.8620 




6 


331-33692 


.046 


. 02468 


402.02132 


674.5742 




7 


.68674 


.077 


809.95066 


• 12634 


675.2864 




8 


332.03656 


.108 


.87664 


.23136 


.9986 




9 


.38638 


•139 


. 80262 


•33638 


676.7108 



PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



5i 



mperature 
the Steam. 


Absolute 
ssure in lbs. 
sq. in. 


otal heat 

om 32 F. 

EC 


atent heat 
om 32 F. 


.si 

rt £ & 


ressure in 
hesof Mer- 
cury. 


H 


a 


r -1 £ 


j a 


fi.J 


* J 


427° 


332.7362 


1212.170 


809.7286 


402.4414 


677.4230 




1 


333.09018 


.201 


.65458 


• 54642 


678.1397 




2 


.44416 


.232 


.58056 


.65144 


.8564 




3 


.79814 


.263 


.50654 


.75646 


679-573I 




4 


334.15212 


•294 


•43252 


.86148 


680.2898 




5 


.50610 


.325 


•35850 


.96650 


681.0065 




6 


. 86008 


•356 


.28448 


403.07152 


.7232 




7 


335.21406 


•387 


.21046 


•17654 


6S2.4399 




8 


.56804 


.418 


.13644 


.28156 


683.1566 




9 


.92202 


•449 


.06242 


.3S658 


•8733 


428 





336.27600 


1212.48 


808.9884 


403.4916 


684.6402 




1 


.632324 


•51 


.91294 


•597o6 


685.3669 




2 


.988648 


•54 


.83748 


.70252 


686.0936 




3 


337.344972 


•57 


. 76202 


.80798 


.8203 




4 


.701296 


.60 


.68656 


•9 r 344 


6-7.5470 




5 


338.057620 


.63 


.61110 


404.01890 


688.2737 




6 


•413944 


.66 


.53564 


.12436 


689.0004 




7 


. 770268 


.69 


.46018 


.22982 


.7271 




8 


339.126592 


•72 


.38472 


.33528 


690.4538 




9 


.482916 


•75 


. 30926 


.44074 


691.1805 


429 





339.83924 


1212.78 


808.2338 


404.5462 


691.9072 




I 


340.19651 


.81 


•15834 


.65166 


692.63559 




2 


.55378 


.84 


.08288 


.75712 


693-36398 




3 


.91105 


.87 


. 00742 


.86258 


694.09237 




4 


341.26832 


.90 


807.93196 


.96804 


.82076 




5 


•62559 


•93 


.85650 


405.07350 


695-549 T 5 




6 


.98286 


.96 


.78104 


.17896 


696.27754 




7 


342.34013 


•99 


•70558 


.28442 


697.00593 




8 


.69740 


1213.02 


.63012 


.38988 


•73432 




9 


343.05467 


•05 


..55466 


•49534 


698.46271 


430 


° 


343.41194 


1213.08 


807.4792 


405.6008 


699.1911 




1 


.773688 


. 11 


.40374 


. 70626 


.92663 




2 


344.135436 


.14 


.32828 


.81172 


700.66216 




3 


.497184 


• 17 


.25282 


.91718 


701.39769 




4 


.858932 


.20 


.17736 


406.02264 


702.13322 




5 


345.220680 


.23 


.10190 


.12610 


.86875 




6 


.582428 


.26 


.02644 


•23356 


703.60428 




7 


.944176 


.29 


806.95098 


.33902 


704.33981 




8 


346. 050.24 


.32 


•87552 


.44448 


705.07534 




9 


.667672 


•35 


. 80006 


•54994 


.81087 


431 





34702942 


1213.38 


806.7246 


406.6554 


706.5464 




1 


.39306 


.41 


.64914 


.76086 


707.28678 




2 


.75670 


• 44 


.57368 


.86632 


708.02716 




3 


348.12034 


• 47 


.49822 


.97178 


•76754 




4 


.48398 


•50 


.42276 


407.07724 


709.50792 




5 


.84762 


•53 


.34730 


.18270 


710.24830 




6 


349.21126 


.56 


.27184 


.28816 


.98868 




7 


•5749o 


•59 


.19638 


.39362 


711.72906 




8 


•93854 


.62 


.12092 


. 49908 


712.46944 


•9 


350.30218 


.65 


806.04546 


.60454 


713.20982 



52 



PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



2 rt 
* « o 

I'SS 


Absolute 
ssureinlbs. 
sq. in. 
IP 


Total heat 

from 32 F. 

HI 


atent heat 
om 32 F. 


:at units in 
water from 
32 F. 


ressure in 
hes of Mer- 
cury. 


H*s 




.J £ 


w 1 


* .2 


432° 


350.66582 


1213.68 


805.9700 


407.7100 


713.9502 




i 


351.032475 


.71 


.89454 


.81546 


714.69501 




2 


•399 x 30 


•74 


.81908 


.92092 


715.43982 




3 


.765785 


•77 


.74362 


408.02638 


716.18463 




4 


352.132440 


.80 


.66816 


.13184 


.92944 




5 


.499095 


.83 


.59270 


.23730 


717.67425 




6 


.865750 


.86 


.51724 


.34276 


718.41906 




7 


353.232405 


.89 


.44178 


.44822 


719.16387 




8 


. 599060 


.92 


.36632 


.55368 


.90868 




9 


.965715 


•95 


. 29086 


.65914 


720.65349 


433 


° 


354.33237 


1213.98 


805.2154 


408.7646 


721.3983 




i 


.702133 


1214.01 


.13994 


.87006 


722.15279 




2 


355.071896 


.04 


.06448 


.97552 


.90728 




3 


.441659 


•07 


804.98902 


409.08098 


723.66177 




4 


.811422 


.10 


.91356 


.18644 


724.41626 




5 


356.181185 


.13 


.83810 


.29190 


725.17075 




6 


.550948 


.16 


.76264 


•39736 


.92524 




7 


.920711 


.19 


.68718 


.50282 


726.67973 




8 


357.290474 


.22 


.61172 


.60828 


727.43422 




9 


.660237 


.25 


.53626 


.71374 


728.18871 


434 


o 


358.03000 


1214.28 


804.4608 


409.8192 


728.9432 




I 


.401834 


• 31 


.38534 


409.92466 


729.70025 




2 


.773668 


• 34 


.30988 


410.03012 


730.45730 




3 


359.145502 


•37 


.23442 


.13558 


731.21435 




4 


•517336 


.40 


.15896 


.24104 


.97140 




5 


.889170 


•43 


.08350 


.34650 


732.72845 




6 


360.167004 


.46 


.00804 


.45196 


733.48550 




7 


■532838 


•49 


803.93258 


•55742 


734.24255 




8 


.904672 


•52 


.85712 


.66288 


. 99960 




9 


361.376506 


•55 


.78166 


.76834 


735.75665 


435 


° 


361.74834 


1214.58 


803.7062 


410.8738 


736.5137 




i 


362.12435 


.61 


.63074 


410.97926 


737.27922 




2 


. 50036 


.64 


.55528 


411.08472 


738.04474 




3 


.87637 


.67 


.47982 


.19018 


.81026 




4 


363.25238 


•70 


.40436 


.29564 


739.57578 




5 


.62839 


•73 


.32890 


.40110 


740.34130 




6 


364.00440 


.76 


•25344 


.50656 


741.10682 




7 


.38041 


•79 


.17798 


.61202 


.87234 




8 


.75642 


.82 


.10252 


.71748 


742.63786 




9 


365.13243 


.85 


.02706 


.82294 


743.40338 


436 


o 


365.50844 


1214.88 


802.9516 


411.9284 


744.1689 




I 


.885496 


.91 


.87614 


412.03386 


.9193 




2 


366.262552 


•94 


.80068 


.13932 


745.6697 




3 


.639608 


•97 


.72522 


.24478 


746.4201 




4 


367.016664 


1215.00 


.64976 


.35024 


747.1705 




5 


•39372o 


.03 


•57430 


.45570 


.9209 




6 


.770776 


.06 


.49884 


.56116 


748.6713 




7 


368.147832 


.09 


.42338 


.66662 


749.4217 




8 


.524888 


.12 


.34792 


.77208 


750.1721 




9 


.901144 


.15 


.27246 


.87754 


.9225 



PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



53 



Temperature 

of the Steam. 

JPo 


1 

Absolute 

pressure in lbs. 

sq. in. 

IP 


Total heat 
from 32 F. 


Latent heat 
from 32 F. 


Heat units in 
the water from 

32° F. 


Pressure in 
inches of Mer- 
cury. 


437° 


36927900 


1215.18 


802.1970 


412.9830 


7516729 




i 


.661277 


.21 


.12154 


413.08S46 


752.46819 




2 


370.043554 


.24 


.04608 


.19392 


753.26348 




3 


.425831 


.27 


801.97062 


.29938 


754.05877 




4 


.808108 


.30 


.89516 


.40484 


.85406 




5 


371.190385 


•33 


.81970 


.51030 


755.64935 




6 


.572662 


•36 


• 74424 


.61576 


756.44464 




7 


•954939 


•39 


.66878 


.72122 


757.23993 




8 


372.337216 


.42 


.59332 


.82668 


758.03522 




9 


•719493 


• 45 


.51786 


.93214 


758.83051 


438. 


o 


373.10177 


121548 


801.4424 


414.0376 


7596258 




I 


.485112 


•51 


.36694 


• 14306 


760.40661 




2 


.868454 


•54 


.29148 


.24852 


761. 18742 




3 


374.251796 


• 57 


.21602 


.35398 


.96823 




4 


.635138 


.60 


.14056 


•45944 


762.74904 




5 


375.018480 


.63 


.06510 


.56490 


763.52985 




6 


.401822 


.66 


800.98964 


.67036 


764.31066 




7 


.785164 


.69 


.91418 


•77582 


765=09147 




8 


376. 168506 


• 72 


.83872 


.88128 


.87228 




9 


.551848 


•75 


.76326 


414.98674 


766.65309 


439 


° 


37693519 


1215.78 


800.6878 


415.0922 


767 4339 




i 


377.322801 


.81 


.61234 


.19766 


768.22308 




2 


.710412 


.84 


.53688 


.30312 


769.01226 




3 


378.09S023 


•87 


.46142 


.40858 


.80144 




4 


•485634 


.90 


•38596 


.51404 


770.59062 




5 


.873245 


•93 


.31050 


.61950 


771.37980 




6 


379.260856 


.96 


•23504 


• 72496 


772.16898 




7 


.648467 


•99 


•15958 


.83042 


■958i6 




8 


380.036078 


1216.02 


.08412 


.93588 


773-74734 




9 


.423689 


.05 


.00866 


416.04134 


774.53652 


440 





380.8113 


121608 


799.9332 


416.1468 


775.3257 




I 


381.20108 


.11 


.85774 


.25226 


776.11929 




2 


. 59086 


.14 


.78228 


•35772 


.91288 




3 


.98064 


•17 


. 70682 


.46318 


777.70647 




4 


382.37042 


.20 


.63136 


.56S64 


778.5C006 




5 


. 76020 


• 23 


.55590 


.67410 


779.29365 




6 


383.14998 


.26 


.48044 


•77956 


780.08724 




7 


•53976 


.29 


. 40498 


.88502 


.88083 




8 


.92954 


•32 


.32952 


. 99048 


781.67442 




9 


384.31932 


• 35 


.25406 


417.09594 


782.46801 


441 





384.7091 


1216.38 


799.1786 


417.2014 


783.2616 




I 


385.10217 


.41 


.10314 


. 30686 


784.06184 




2 


.49524 


•44 


.02768 


.41232 


. 86208 




3 


.88831 


• 47 


798.95222 


.51778 


785.66232 




4 


386.28138 


.50 


.87676 


.62324 


786.46256 




5 


.67445 


•53 


.80130 


.72870 


787.26280 




6 


387.06752 


.56 


.72584 


.83416 


788.06304 




7 


.46059 


•59 


.65038 


.93962 


.86328 




.8 


.85366 


.62 


•5749 2 


418.04508 


789.66352 




9 


388.24673 


.65 


.49946 


•15054 


790.46376 



54 



PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



Temperature 
of the Steam. 


Absolute 

pressure in lbs. 

sq. in. 


Total heat 
from 32 F. 


Latent heat 
from 32 F. 


Heat units in 

the water from 

32 F. 


Pressure in 
inches of Mer- 
cury. 


442.° 


388.63980 


1216.68 


798.4240 


418.2560 


791.2640 




i 


389.036053 


.71 


•34854 


.36146 


792.07079 




2 


.432306 


• 74 


.27308 


.46692 


■87758 




3 


.828559 


•77 


.19762 


.57238 


793.68437 




4 


390.224812 


.80 


.12216 


.67784 


794.49116 




5 


.621065 


.83 


.04670 


.78330 


795.29795 




6 


391-017318 


.86 


797.97124 


.88876 


796.10474 




7 


•413571 


.89 


.89578 


418.99422 


.91153 




8 


.809824 


.92 


.82032 


419.09968 


797.71832 




9 


392.602330 


•95 


. 74486 


.20514 


798.52511 


443. 


o 


392.60233 


1216.98 


797.6694 


419.3106 


799.3319 




I 


393.000718 


1217.01 


• 59394 


.41606 


800.14302 




2 


.399106 


.04 


.51848 


.52152 


.95414 




3 


•797494 


•07 


.44302 


.62698 


801.76526 




4 


394.195882 


.10 


.36756 


•73244 


802.57638 




5 


.594270 


.13 


.29210 


.83790 


803.38750 




6 


.992658 


.16 


.21664 


.94336 


804.19862 




7 


395.391046 


.19 


.14118 


420.04882 


805.00974 




8 


•789434 


.22 


•06572 


.15428 


.82086 




9 


396.187822 


.25 


796.99026 


•25974 


806.63198 


444 





396.58621 


1217.28 


796.9148 


4203652 


807.4431 




I 


.988999 


• 31 


.83934 


.47066 


808.26317 




2 


397.391788 


•34 


.76388 


.57612 


809.08324 




3 


•794577 


•37 


.68842 


.68158 


.90331 




4 


398.197366 


.40 


.61296 


.78704 


810.72338 




5 


.600155 


• 43 


.53750 


.89250 


8H.54345 




6 


399.002944 


.46 


.46204 


.99796 


812.36352 




7 


.405733 


• 49 


.38658 


421.10342 


813-18359 




8 


.808522 


•52 


.31112 


.20888 


814.00366 




9 


400.211311 


• 55 


.23566 


.31434 


.82373 


445 


o 


400.6141 


121758 


796.1602 


421.4198 


815.6438 




I 


401.01799 


.61 


.08474 


.52526 


816.4661 




2 


.42188 


.64 


.00928 


.63072 


817.2884 




3 


.82577 


.67 


795.93382 


.73618 


818.1107 




4 


402.22966 


• 70 


.85836 


.84164 


• 933o 




5 


•63355 


• 73 


.78290 


.94710 


8i9-7553 




6 


403.03744 


• 76 


• 70744 


422.05256 


820.5776 




7 


•44133 


• 79 


.63198 


.15802 


821.3999 




8 


.84522 


.82 


.55652 


.26348 


822.2222 




9 


404.24911 


.85 


.48106 


.36894 


823.0445 


446 


o 


404.6530 


1217.88 


795.4056 


422.4744 


823.8668 



55 
Table of Heat Units in Feed Water from 32 F. to 213 F., strictly from 

Regnaztlt's Record. 



u 

3 u 


s in 
ap- 
.em- 




3 *i 


s in 
ap- 
:em- 


0) 

3 U 


s in 
ap- 
;em- 


<o 
u 
3 u 


s in 
ap- 
;em- 




■5 * - § 
p n "S 3 


2-^ 


•"3 « v 

*-i V* e 3 


1 " • 

8<£ 


e rt *j b 

^ 2 s 


ft£: 


« d « b 





"S g d <u 


8 ^ 
a> 


^ > 5 £ 

u ? ft ft 




^ fe S S 
<u P ft ft 


8 MH 

<u 
H 


* > S S 

<U P ft ft 


32 F 


00 . 0000 


7S°F 


46.0340 


I2 3 °F 


91 . 1616 


i6g°F 


137-4572 


3 


I . 0002 


9 


47-0356 


4 


92.1666 






4 


2 . OOO4 






5 


93.1716 


170 


138.4644 


5 


3 . 0006 


8o° 


4S.0372 


6 


94.1766 


1 


139.4716 


6 


4.0008 


1 


49.0388 


7 


95.1816 


2 


140.4788 


7 


5.0010 


2 


50.0404 


8 


96.1866 


3 


141 .4860 


8 


6.0012 


3 


51.0420 


9 


97.I916 


4 


142.4932 


9 


7.0014 


4 


52.0436 






5 


143.5004 






5 


53-0452 


130 


98.1966 


6 


144.5076 


40° 


8.0016 


6 


54.0468 


1 


99.2016 


7 


I45.5I75- 


1 


9.0018 


7 


55-0493 


2 


IOO.2056 


8 


146.5274 


2 


1 . 0020 


8 


56.0518 


3 


101 .2116 


9 


147-5373 


3 


11 .0022 


9 


57-0543 


4 


102.2156 






4 


12.0024 






5 


IO3.2216 


180 


148.5472 


5 


13.0026 


90° 


58.0568 


6 


IO4.2256 


1 


149-5571 


6 


14.0028 


1 


59-0593 


7 


I05.2316 


2 


150.5670 


7 


15.0030 


2 


60.0618 


8 


IO6.2366 


3 


151.5769 


8 


16.0032 


3 


61 .0643 


9 


IO7.2416 


4 


152.5868 


9 


17.0034 


4 


62.0668 






5 


153.5967 






5 


63.0693 


140 


IO8.2466 


6 


154.6066 


50° 


18.0036 


6 


64.0718 


1 


109.2539 


7 


155.6165 


1 


1 9 . 0044 


7 


65.0743 


2 


II0.26I2 


8 


156.6264 


2 


20.0052 


8 


66.0768 


3 


III02685 


9 


157.6363 


3 


21 .0060 


9 


67.0793 


4 


II2.2758 






4 


22.0068 






5 


113. 283I 


190 


158.6462 


5 


23.0076 


100° 


68.0818 


6 


U4. 2904 


1 


159.6561 


6 


24.0084 


1 


69.0843 


7 


II5.2977 


2 


160.6660 


7 


25.0092 


2 


70.0868 


8 


H6.3050 


3 


161.6759 


8 


26.0100 


3 


71.0893 


9 


117. 3123 


4 


162.6858 


9 


27.0108 


4 


72.0918 






5 


163.6977 






5 


73.0954 


150° 


Il8. 3196 


6 


164.7096 


6o° 


28.0116 


6 


74.0990 


1 


II9.3269 


7 


165.7215 


1 


29.0124 


7 


75.1026 


2 


I2O.3342 


8 


166.7334 


2 


30.0132 


8 


76.1062 


3 


121. 3415 


9 


I67.7453 


3 


31 .0140 


9 


77.1098 


4 


I22.3488 






4 


32.0148 






5 


123.3561 


200° 


168.7572 


5 


330156 


110° 


73.1134 


6 


124.3634 


I 


169.7691 


6 


34.0164 


11 


79.1170 


7 


I25.3707 


2 


170. 7S10 


7 


35-OI72 


12 


80. 1206 


8 


I26.3780 


3 


171.7929 


8 


36.0180 


13 


81.1242 


9 


I27.3852 


4 


172.8048 


9 


37.0196 


14 


82.1278 






5 


173.8167 






15 


' 83.1314 


160 


I28.3924 


6 


174.8286 


7o° 


3S.0212 


16 


84.1350 


1 


I29.3996 


7 


175.8405 


1 


39.0228 


17 


85.1386 


2 


I3O.4068 


8 


176.8524 


2 


40 . 0244 


18 


86.1422 


3 


131. 414O 


9 


177.8643 


3 


41 .0260 


19 


87.1458 


4 


132.4212 






4 


42.0276 






5 


I33.4284 


210° 


178.8762 


5 


43.0292 


I20° 


88.1494 


6 


134.4356 


II 


179.8881 


6 


44.0308 


I 


89.1530 


7 


135.4428 


12 


180.9000 


7 


45.0324 


2 


90. 1566 


8 


I36.450O 


13 


181.9131 



DETERMINATION OF THE MOISTURE IN STEAM. 
By R. C. Carpenter. 

{Professor of Experimental Engineering, Sibley College, 
Cornell University.) 

The fact that under certain conditions steam would take up and carry considerable 
water was recognized many years ago, and the importance of determining the amount 
of water that might be carried by the steam from a boiler in making boiler tests has also 
long been recognized. As a preliminary to the statements of the methods used in determin- 
ing the amount of moisture, it may be stated that steam is recognized as existing in 
three conditions ; first, in its normal or saturated condition, in which the heat contained 
in one pound corresponds exactly at any given pressure to that given in the steam 
tables. The results given in the steam table were determined to a great extent experi- 
mentally by Regnault, by measuring the total amount of heat contained in a given 
weight of saturated steam ; the saturated condition being assured by allowing the steam 
to remain for some time over the surface of still water, but without an opportunity of 
mingling with water or surrendering heat by radiation. Second, superheated steam ; 
this has a higher temperature than that corresponding to the pressure of saturated 
steam, as shown by the steam tables. The heat contained in a pound of this steam is 
greater than that contained in a pound of saturated steam, as shown by the steam 
tables. Third, wet steam, which is steam containing water in some form in excess of 
that required to saturate it. The temperature of the wet steam is the same for a given 
pressure as that of saturated steam, but the heat contained in one pound is consider- 
ably less. 

The distinction between temperature and heat should in every case be distinctly 
noted. Temperature is one of the properties of heat and can be measured by a ther- 
mometer. The other properties cannot be measured by any instrument whatever. 
The total heat is measured by its power of heating a given weight of water. The heat 
required to warm one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit, which, to be perfectly 
exact, must be at a certain temperature scale, is called a "British thermal unit," abbre- 
viated usually by writing B. T. U. 

Regarding these three conditions of steam, it may be said briefly that steam tends 
to pass to the state of saturation, and if superheated, the excess of heat tends either to 
pass off by radiation, or increase the pressure to an amount corresponding to the press- 
ure when in the saturated condition ; if, on the other hand, it contains water, this 
water tends to separate out of the steam because of its greater weight, and to remain 
as a body of water in contact with an atmosphere of saturated steam. Superheated 
steam can readily be detected by comparing measurements of temperature and pressure 
with the corresponding values in a steam table. It will be found usually a difficult matter 
to correctly measure the temperature of steam, for the reason that heat continually 
passes off from the exposed portions of the thermometer, and the result of the measure- 
ment is likely to be several degrees too low. To obtain the correct temperature of 
steam, the thermometer should be immersed its entire depth in the current of steam to 
be measured ; this may be done by inserting it in a deep well or cup, which latter should 
preferably be filled with mercury. 

Entrained water will exist in steam in the form of uniformly distributed vapor or 
fog, to a certain amount, but probably not in excess of three or four per cent.; it may, 
however, move along with the steam on the sides or bottom of the steam pipe as currents 
or jets of water being impelled forward by the impact of the particles of steam at high 



PRATS CALORIMETER TABLES. 57 

velocity. The currents or stream of water are likely to move in irregular and uncertain 
lines and vary in quantity from moment to moment. I feel, from observations which 
I have made through glass peek-holes in the sides of steam pipes, that the conditions as 
above described often exist in the delivery of steam from nearly every steam boiler. 

If the boiler is operated under certain conditions very much water may be projected 
out with the steam and carried along with the steam in the pipe, while under other 
conditions the amount of water sent over may be exceedingly small, and that may be 
in the form of vapor or fog which is fairly uniformly distributed throughout the steam. 

There is no standard method of determining the amount of moisture in steam, and 
the instruments employed and the methods used have varied considerably with different 
engineers. The earliest method consisted in measuring the heat in a given sample of 
steam, and was employed by Regnault and Hirn. The instrument so used was termed 
a calorimeter, and the method is that now usually known as the " method of mixtures." 
In this operation the heat in a given amount of steam is measured by condensing a 
given weight of water, and noting the effect of the rise in temperature of the water. 
From the fact that most of our engineers have lately used a barrel standing on a pair 
of scales to hold the condensing water, this method is frequently spoken of as that of 
the " barrel calorimeter." The method is open to the objection that all errors of observa- 
tion are multiplied in the processes of reduction, and hence exceedingly small errors, 
either in observation of temperature of the water or of weights of steam condensed, make 
very great difference in results. Thus, if one used about 400 pounds of water and 10 
pounds of steam, weights must be accurate to ^ of a pound, and temperatures to X °f 
a degree Fahrenheit, in order that the results should be correct within about yi per 
cent. Such accuracy of work is, of course, possible with very costly weighing scales, 
fine thermometers, and with an observer having a great deal of skill and previous 
practice. Such apparatus is, however, difficult to carry around and now seldom used, 
since it has been succeeded by more convenient and reliable instruments. 

The throttling calorimeter was first devised by Prof. C. H. Peabody, of Boston ; its 
principle of operation depending in the fact that if a current of steam flow through a pipe 
without loss of heat by radiation, the total heat must remain constant in every section of 
the pipe regardless of the pressure. Since a pound of steam at a high pressure contains 
more heat than at low, if the pressure falls without loss of heat considerable heat will 
be liberated. If any water exists in the original steam, this free heat will be utilized to 
a great or less extent in evaporating that water. If more heat is liberated than sufficient 
to evaporate the water, this fact would be rendered patent by the steam at lower press- 
ure becoming superheated. The quality of the steam as it existed originally may be 
computed by knowing the original pressure, final pressure, and the amount of super- 
heat at the lower steam pressure. If there is more water present in the steam than can 
be evaporated by the heat liberated in the fall of pressure, the steam in the vessel at 
lower pressure is not superheated, and the method fails to operate. The formulae 
applying to this case may be stated as follows : Denote the quality of dry steam in the 
original sample by x, the latent heat of the original steam by r, the heat in one pound 
of water at the original pressure above the freezing point (32° F.) by q, the total heat in 
one pound of saturated steam at the reduced pressure by H. Denote the number of 
degrees the steam in the calorimeter is superheated, or is in excess of its normal 
temperature, by s, we shall then have 

x r + q = H + 0.48 s 

H + O.48 s — q 

x = 



"ttHIIHIHll 
: ?pir|/1I1I111 


i\ 1 1| j hi u\- 






— N-M — /- 


-f--- iiii \-f\ff 


j+ 1 |/| 1 | | 

44y 444-144- 


1 y| || 1 1 1 1 1 ii j 1 1 1| 1 1 - 




IBif 

■■ /I 1 ['I'll- I/I III 




- 11 


-E- 


- -?-- 


—i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 |/i 


44 ft 


\ i ' I'f III 1 rii/r : 




KgrnTTTnTT 

---44/ Hy 


y f 


£jjf 1| 1 


i: 


z 5h-— 


!:::±j±±My: 
1 1 1| [/| || [III 

"fttltrrrn" 




j ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i/1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 / 


1- 


\\M 11 11 ||ll|ll-v-t I-----. 
-WR H il \\u 1 * 

:z: tti K 1 | hi hi/ 

•fpprffl 

— Hi? TT /in 1 Ln IJir 

--Iiii 111111/1 lllllll [fill H4 
afl-- If V] 


fi ii i ii 

/ MP 

H il yfi 


i 


-"it" h"y- 

- 1 1 ii --- 

TTTT 

TTnT"^ 


{ } 

--< — i M 1 1 /i i 

lii 


ff'l 
TTTmrr 


f 1 Hi i if 

l| /|j HI IJ'jIII q 

iff 111 TTTC / 
f\ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 [j 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 |/f ■ 
'41/ - 




gffflvlfl 111 

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teffR If 

444----I 'A Mi : 

to; /1 1 II 1 II 

i !!l B 

ifl 


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4444 i i i i i 1 Mill 

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1 1 II 

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J44-H — - 


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"-'If IP 

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mm 
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™t : w 

Iff 


Pi i i i i i i i i/i i i i i i i i l 

Infill 1| Hii HIH HI 
nlll IIIhiIIIiiIJ/i 




II " " IH 1 1 1 1 1 


Mtttjli |j|]j| H» 

1 ip i lip' Mi lil 

iii.lm ii IWfliii 


[§lfe ; --- 

r i h i ii 1 1 1 1 m i ' 

1 1 \n\ 1 '' 

m iiiiniiiiiiii 


lllllilllllllll 

Ml 
Ifftlf 




Tm f"nTW 


■iiiiii 




jfflff'""" 


|i:|i||B| 




LMth 1 llJrm 1 lilfflj Ptrrff 


1 Uf 1 1 1 




l ±::::::f 


ff'-TT-TTTT 


mm 






iiyjli nil 1 111 Jti 111 1 1 IJI rrlf 1 1 1 14 i ' 


HS 


f 


Prffft 1 


C-A^QRI-lto.E 








: ^-6-yH|| [ i F 


















13j" : " : ~HfHS 


Tit uJtHt i^i"ll?ffmTi^'?m n 5 !? 1 ! 


P^^e's's 




















-T-H eLgU-|Lo-( 


?|iI^-e-|t|e-r- 


^umMi 











FIG. I. 



FRAY'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



59 



By computation from the last formula, using the values given in the steam tables 
for h, q and r, and the observed amount of superheat, one can compute the quality 
which is here taken as the percentage of dry steam in each pound. If the steam in the 
calorimeter is kept at atmospheric pressure, the results can be very quickly taken 
without computation from the diagram (Fig. i) which is appended. In this diagram 
the number of degrees of superheat is the amount which the thermometer in the 
calorimeter reads in excess of the temperature due to the pressure in the calorimeter. 
If at atmospheric pressure, the boiling point is near 212 degrees. The reading should be 
corrected for error in the thermometer. In the diagram the absolute steam pressure is 
given in columns at the left, the amount of superheat at the bottom. The inter- 
section of the line drawn from the degree of superheat at the bottom, and the absolute 
pressure at the side, gives the position corresponding to amount of moisture in the 
steam, which is determined by interpolating between the curved lines. 

The throttling calorimeter possesses the advantage over the barrel calorimeter 
that errors in the result are less in every case than in the observations ; thus it will be 
noticed, by referring to the diagram, that an error of 10 degrees in the reading of the 
thermometer in the calorimeter will only cause an error of about % per cent, in the 
quality of the steam, and hence important errors are not likely to occur as results of 
error in the observations. The principal objections to its use are due to the fact that it 
will determine only a small amount of moisture. The amount which may be deter- 
mined increases with the pressure, and may be found for any steam pressure by noting 
the intersection of the moisture lines with the left side of the diagram Fig. 1. 

The writer has made many experiments with different forms of the throttling calo- 
rimeter, and has finally come to the conclusion that in order to secure accurate results it 
is necessary to follow closely the following directions : First, insert the thermometer 
very deeply into the sample of steam ; second, pass the original sample of steam 
through a nozzle of such form, and in such position, that it will be intimately sprayed 
on the thermometer. This latter operation was found necessary in order to secure a 
thorough intermingling of the water in the original steam with the steam in the calorim- 
eter. In some experiments with other forms of calorimeters it was found possible to so 
pass the sample of steam and water into the calorimeter as to have superheated steam 
in the calorimeter in the presence of 50 per cent, or more water, and that unless the mix- 
ing process as above described was performed, the determinations were frequently un- 
reliable. I have also somewhat changed the method of using this instrument, and now 
depend entirely upon the temperature readings of the thermometer in the calorimeter. 
By taking all readings from one thermometer, any small errors, due either to graduation 
or position, are eliminated, and hence the results are more strictly comparable. The 
form of instrument adopted is shown in Fig. 2, and the method of using it is as follows : 
Connect the calorimeter so as to obtain a fair sample of steam as discussed later ; open 
the supply valve and close the discharge valve so as to supply steam at full boiler 
pressure in the calorimeter ; note the reading of the thermometer in the calorimeter, 
which we will call the "temperature of the steam." Second, open the discharge valve 
from the calorimeter, and permit the steam to flow through it until the thermometer 
has reached its normal reading ; call this the "temperature in the calorimeter." If the 
thermometer in the calorimeter gives a reading of 212 degrees when the sample of steam 
is saturated or wet, the quality is determined at once by consulting the diagram. The 
actual reading of the thermometer for saturated steam can be determined by wetting 
the sample, and by pouring a stream of cold water on the pipe leading to the calorim- 
eter. The lowest temperature reading so obtained is that for saturated steam; if this 



6o 



P RAY'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



THERMOMETEB 




FIG. 2. 

(One-fourth Size.) 



Carpenter 's Throttling Calorimeter . Made by Schaeffer 
df Budenberg, Brooklyn, N. Y. 



is less than 212 the temperature readings must be corrected accordingly by adding the 
difference to both readings before using the diagram, Fig. 3. 

The diagram for showing the quality of steam when the temperature of steam in 
the main pipe and when in the calorimeter is known, is given in Fig. 3. The curves 
showing the quality of steam are diagonal straight lines, the values of which are 
marked. To use the diagram : determine first the temperature in the calorimeter when 
subjected to full pressure as explained ; and second, the temperature in the calorimeter 
with the discharge valve fully open ; third, correct these results by adding to each the 
amount that the temperature in the calorimeter is below 212 when the sample of steam 
is thoroughly wet. The quality is determined from these corrected readings by con- 
sulting the diagram, thus, if the temperature of steam is 33® degrees, the reading in the 
calorimeter 250 degrees, the point of intersection from lines drawn from these values 
referred to the diagonal lines showing the quality of steam, indicate that the quality 
for that condition is 98 per cent. 



TEMPERATURE IN CALORIMETER 
220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 




TEMPERATURE IN CALORIMETER 
FIG. 3. 



62 PRAY'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 

The Separating Calorimeter. 

Another method of determining the quality of steam takes advantage of the fact 
that water is much heavier than steam, and can, by the use of suitably designed 
apparatus, be completely and perfectly separated from the steam. The water or moisture 
in steam can nearly all be removed by taking advantage of the greater inertia in water 
than in steam when moving at high velocity, and thus projecting the water into vessels 
out of the direct current of the steam, without sensibly reducing the pressure. Many 
forms of steam separators have been devised for removing water from steam. These 
have an extensive use for collecting and removing water from the main steam pipe 
leading to engines. 

By taking advantage of the inertia due to superior weight, and also by reducing the 
velocity of the discharge, the writer found that a sample of steam could be rendered 
dry and saturated, no matter how much water it originally contained. This fact was 
established as the results of a long series of experiments by Brill and Meeker in 1891, 
it being found in every case that when the separating vessel was properly constructed, 
and when all loss by radiation was prevented, that the steam discharged was in every 
case essentially dry and saturated. By collecting and weighing the water which is 
separated from the steam, also by condensing and weighing the total dry steam passing 
through the calorimeter, we can, by simple division of the weight of water and steam, 
determine the percentage of moisture. By subtracting this from 100 we obtain the 
quality of steam, or the percentage of dry steam in the total weight. The instrument 
employed consists of a small steam vessel, provided with a steam jacket to prevent loss 
by radiation. A section of the instrument is shown in Fig. 4. The steam in the 
interior vessel and in the jacket is at boiler pressure, and hence the temperature in the 
water vessel and exterior jacket is the same, which effectually prevents any loss by 
radiation from the interior vessel. The steam is discharged from the outer jacket by an 
orifice at the bottom, and passes through a pipe to a can filled with water to a certain 
point. The water which is thrown down in the interior vessel of the calorimeter is 
accurately measured by an affixed graduated scale, which is attached by the side of the 
water glass, and gives readings in hundredths of a pound. The upper part of the con- 
densing can is similarly graduated in pounds and tenths of pounds. In using the 
instrument, the condensing can is first filled to the zero mark with cold water, the 
instrument is put in operation, the steam being discharged through a three-way cock 
not shown in the figure, until it has attained its normal velocity, it is then deflected 
into the condensing can, and simultaneous readings taken of the height of water in the 
can and on the attached scale of the calorimeter. 

This instrument, while accurate, proved somewhat inconvenient because of the 
size of the condensing can. It may be said that a large number of tests were made to 
determine its accuracy by comparing with a throttling calorimeter, and in every case 
where the steam contained 2 or 3 per cent, of moisture, or was within the limits of the 
throttling instrument, there was an essential agreement, and where the steam was very 
wet its accuracy was found to depend only upon the accuracy with which the sample 
could be obtained. 

In order to make the instrument more compact, the writer conceived the idea of 
using a gauge which should be attached firmly to the instrument, and which would 
show, not the pressure, but the weight of steam flowing in a given time from the 
standard orifice. A number of experiments were made to determine whether this could 
be done with accuracy, and it was found that in every given case the amount of steam 
which would flow from the orifice was proportional to the absolute steam pressure, 




FIG. 4. 

(One-fourth Size.) 

Carpenter's Separating Calorimeter. Made by Schaeffer & Budenberg, 
Brooklyn, N. Y. {Old pattern.) 



6 4 



PRATS CALORIMETER TABLES. 



provided the pressure were not less than 25 or 30 pounds, and that a special graduation 
could be made, making the gauge accurate for lower pressures. The instrument is 
now constructed in that manner; the condensing can is discarded, and in its present 
form it consists of a small gauge showing the total amount of steam which flows 
through the orifice in ten minutes of time, and a scale, as before represented, on which 
can be read the weight of water thrown down at the beginning and end of this interval 
of time. By dividing the weight of water, as shown on the calorimeter scale for a 
period of ten minutes, by the sum of this weight and the gauge reading, we shall have 
the percentage of moisture in the steam. By dividing the difference by the sum of 
these respective quantities, we shall have the quality of the steam. 

The graduations of the gauge can be very readily checked at any time by comparing 
the gauge readings with the weight of water condensed for a given period of time. 

Since the amount of steam which is discharged from the orifice and the weight of 
which is read on the gauge is in every case very many times larger than the weight of 
water caught in the inner vessel, a considerable error may be made in observation 
without seriously affecting the results. This condition, as mentioned before, is one 
which s conducive to accuracy. 




fig. 5. 

Carpenter's Improved Separating Calorimeter. Made by Schaeffer & Budenberg, 
Brooklyn N. Y. {i8q6.) {Nezv pattern.) 



Samples of Steam. 

In every calorimeter which has been described a certain portion of steam is used as 

a sample, and the results of the determination on this is taken as applying to the total 

amount of steam. Recent investigations, many of which were made in the Sibley 

Laboratories and reported to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1891, 



PRATS CALORIMETER TABLES. 65 

and others which have been made since, both at Sibley College and Stevens Institute, 
indicate very great difficulty in obtaining a sample of steam which shall contain the 
same proportion of water and dry steam as that existing in the main steam pipes. This 
difficulty is due principally to the fact of the greater specific gravity of the water, and 
the tendency to separate and remain distinct from the steam. In the experiments 
quoted this difficulty has been very much magnified by the fact that unusually wet 
samples were in every case used, and great irregularity was found in samples taken 
f from different parts of the same pipe. Many have thought that this irregularity may 
have existed in many previous cases in which important tests have been made, and 
hence that a doubt may be expressed regarding the value of certain results which 
have been obtained. The writer is of the opinion that such alarm is entirely unneces- 
sary, and that for the conditions pertaining to the ordinary use of steam the samples 
which may be obtained are fairly concordant with each other, and with the average in 
the steam pipe. This belief is in a certain measure proved by Sibley College experi- 
ments ; it may also be said to be verified by some experiments made by Professor 
Unwin, and described in a paper on the "Dryness of Steam," and read before The 
Institution of Civil Engineers. Mr. Thomas Pray, Jr., also states in a recent circular 
regarding steam power, that in a recent test running over 80 trials, using Professor 
Carpenter's Throttling Calorimeter and the barrel calorimeter on the same pipe, there 
was not a perceptible difference in the results in any one case. The test extended over 
four and one-half days. 

The writer is quite certain that a sample of steam cannot be accurately taken from 
a horizontal pipe, or from a vertical pipe in which the current of steam is descending, 
since in both these cases the water is likely to trickle along in small streams, which run 
in irregular and uncertain positions, and while constituting only a small portion of the 
whole steam, may be received into the collecting nipple and cause the calorimeter to 
indicate an undue proportion of water. A sample taken from a vertical pipe in which 
there is an ascending current of steam is not likely to be affected by such variations, 
and is quite certain to fairly represent the total amount of steam flowing. It is quite 
probable that steam taken under such conditions may vary from time to time, since 
when water in large amounts is present it is probably carried by the steam only at 
intervals. 

When there is a separator of considerable capacity inserted in the main line, an 
excellent opportunity is provided for making accurate determinations of quality. In 
such case the quality of the steam should be taken after it has passed through the 
separator, and corrections made by considering the water which is removed. If the 
separator is close to the boiler, or if the steam pipes are covered, the radiation can 
usually be neglected, but in some cases this may make a very large difference in 
the results. 

The writer has in this article said nothing with reference to the form of collecting 
nipples for the reason that other differences have affected the result more than the form 
of nipple. It is believed that good results will be obtained by using a perforated nipple 
extending very nearly across the steam pipe, so as to be filled by steam coming from 
all portions of the pipe. Whether the pipe should have few or many holes, whether a 
slit should be used instead of holes, whether the end is open or closed, the writer does 
not at present believe of essential importance. 

The writer is quite certain that if the losses which are mentioned are given proper 
weight, and the methods which are described are employed, that results correct within 
the range of ordinary observation, may be obtained with the use of calorimeters. 



66 



FRAY'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 



{Copyright by Crosby Steam Gage & Valve Co., Boston, Mass.) 
(Published by permission.) 

THE PEABODY THROTTLING CALORIMETER. 
In order that the test of an engine or boiler may be complete a determination 
should be made of the quality of the steam, i. e., the priming or the amount of moisture 
carried by the steam. This determination was formerly made by methods which could 
be made to give satisfactory results in the hands of a physicist or a trained expert, but 
which were troublesome and unreliable when employed by an inexperienced observer. 
The quality of steam delivered by a boiler or supplied to an engine can now be deter= 




mined with ease and certainty by aid of the throttling calorimeter, invented by Prof. 
C. H. Peabody of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and described by him in 
the * Journal of the Franklin Institute, and in the fProceedings of the American Society 
of Mechanical Engineers. 

* Journal Franklin Institute. June, 1888. Volume CXX VI. Page 134. 
\Proceedings American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1888-Q, Volume X, Page 327, 
and i88q-qo, Volume XI, Page igj. 



PRATS CALORIMETER TABLES. 



6? 



The throttling calorimeter depends on the principle that steam which contains a 
moderate amount of moisture will become superheated if the pressure is reduced by 
throttling, without loss of heat. The form here shown is simple, substantial and in- 
expensive, and has been used by the inventor and others with complete satisfaction. 
The calorimeter, shown in Fig. 1, is a closed cylindrical metallic chamber K, having 
an inlet passage at A, controlled by the valve E, an outlet passage at the bottom con- 
trolled by the valve N, and a thermometer cup at T. The chamber is thickly wrapped 
with asbestos and hair felt, protected by wood lagging to reduce radiation and loss of 
heat. The U shaped tubes or syphons for attaching the pressure gauges B and C are 
furnished with the calorimeter ; the gauges and thermometer are extra, and may be 
furnished or not, as required. 

The nipple A, connecting the inlet valve E with the chamber K, is made of com- 
position, cut with pipe thread and provided with a well-rounded orifice for gauging the 
flow of steam as shown by the full size Fig. 2. 

The connection with the main steam pipe from which a sample of steam to be 
tested is taken, should be as short and direct as possible, and 
should be well wrapped to reduce radiation. The supply pipe 
should enter the main steam pipe at least half an inch, or it may 
be long enough to reach across the bore of the steam pipe, and 
be pierced with numerous small holes and closed at the end. 
The waste pipe from N should be at least ^ of an inch in 
diameter for its entire length, and may be larger if longer than 
twenty feet. The gauge C for measuring the pressure in the main 
steam pipe may be attached directly to that pipe if more con- 
venient than as shown in the cut. 

To use the calorimeter, fill the thermometer cup with oil and 
insert the thermometer ; see that the syphons are filled with cold 
water and that they do not leak ; open both the valves E and N 
wide, and wait ten or fifteen minutes till the whole apparatus is 
heated. Read the gauge B and add the pressure of the ^atmos- 
phere to get the absolute pressure in the calorimeter ; find the 
corresponding temperature from a table of the properties of 
saturated steam and compare with the temperature in the 
calorimeter given by the thermometer ; the excess of the latter over the former is the 
superheating of the steam in the calorimeter. Should the superheating exceed 20 the 
exit valve at N may be partially closed to raise the pressure in the calorimeter five or 
ten pounds above that of the atmosphere ; this last operation is only for convenience in 
the use of the tables of the properties of saturated steam. The flow of steam through 
the calorimeter will be sufficient to make the loss by radiation of no consequence 
and no correction need be applied. 

When all is ready, read the pressure of the steam/ in the main steam pipe, the 
temperature t s in the calorimeter, the pressure p, in the calorimeter, and take the press- 
ure p a of the atmosphere. From a table of the properties of saturated steam, find the 
temperature /, corresponding to the absolute pressure 

P,=A+Ar 

\Note. The pressure of the atmosphere is commonly assumed to be 14.7 pounds per 
square inch ; it may be taken by aid of a barometer or obtained from published records of the 
Weather Bureau for the day. Inches of mercury can be reduced to pounds per square inch 
iy multiplying by 0.4Q. 




FIG. 2. 



68 FRAY'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 

From the same tables find the total heat A corresponding to the pressure P ; also 
the heat of vaporization r and the heat of the liquid q corresponding to the absolute 
pressure in the steam pipe 

The weight or moisture in one pound of moist steam drawn from the steam pipe is 
to be calculated by the equation 

A,+0.48 (t s -t)-q 

Priming — I— 

r 

in which the factor 0.48 is the specific heat of superheated steam at constant pressure. 
The calculation will be readily understood from the following example: 
Pressure in steam pipe,/ — 69.8 pounds. 
Pressure in the calorimeter,/, = 12 pounds. 
Pressure of the atmosphere, ^ = 14.8 pounds. 
Temperature in the calorimeter, ^=268.2° F. 

Absolute pressure in steam pipe, V-p+p a — ^. 8 + 14.8=84.6 pounds. 
Absolute pressure in calorimeter, P i =p i +p a — 12+14.8 = 26.8 pounds. 
Temperature of saturated steam at 26.8 pounds, 243. 9 F. 
Total heat at 26.8 pounds, A, = H56.4 thermal units. 
Heat of vaporization at 84.6 pounds, r = 892.7 thermal units. 
Heat of the liquid at 84.6 pounds, ^=285.5 thermal units. 
1156. 4+0.48 (268.2— 243.9)— 285.5 

Priming=i — =0.012 ; 

892.7 

a result that is commonly stated as 1.2 per cent, priming. 

Steam delivered by a boiler or supplied to an engine commonly contains a small 
amount of moisture, but if the steam is very wet from any cause it may fail to super- 
heat in the calorimeter, and in such case the calorimeter cannot be used for determin- 
ing its quality. Should this occur in a boiler test, it indicates either that the design of 
the boiler is defective or that it is in bad condition arid needs cleaning. The steam 
supplied to an engine may be deprived of the greater part of its moisture, if it be very 
wet, by passing it through a separator. It has been found that steam used in good 
ordinary practice will always superheat in the throttling calorimeter. 

While it is advisable that the gauges and thermometer used with the throttling 
calorimeter should be of first quality and entirely reliable, the errors that such in- 
struments are liable to have do not have a serious effect on the result. Thus, at 100 
pounds absolute and with atmospheric pressure in the calorimeter, io° F. superheating 
indicates 0.035 priming ; should the thermometer be wrong 5 F. and indicate 15 F., the 
priming will appear to be 0.032, which involves an error of y 3 ^ of one per cent. In a 
similar manner it will be found that an error of a pound or two in the pressure of the 
steam in the steam pipe will have an insignificant effect on the result of a test. The 
effect of an error in the reading of the pressure in the calorimeter is somewhat more 
serious, and care should be taken to have that gauge correct. 



THE PEABODY THROTTLING CALORIMETER 

IS MANUFACTURED ONLY BY THE 

CROSBY STEAM GAGE & VALVE CO., 

BOSTON, MASS., U„ S. A. 
Branches : NEW YORK, CHICAGO AND LONDON, ENQ. 

PRICES GIVEN ON APPLICATION. 






FRAY'S TABLE OF FOUR-PLACE LOGARITHMS. 



69 








1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 8 9 


10 


0000 


0043 


0086 


0128 


0170 


0212 


0253 


0294 


0334 


0374 


4 


8 


12 


17 


21 


25 


29 33 37 


11 


0414 


0453 


0492 


0531 


0569 


0607 


0645 


0682 


0719 


0755 


4 


8 


n 


15 


19 


23 


26 30 34 


12 


0792 


0828 


0864 


0899 


0934 


0969 


1004 


1038 


1072 


1 106 


3 


7 


10 


14 


17 


21 


24 28 31 


13 


1139 


ii73 


1206 


1239 


1271 


1303 


1335 


1367 


J 399 


1430 


3 


6 


10 


13 


ib 


19 


23 26 29 


14 


1461 


1492 


1523 


1553 


1584 


1614 


1644 


1673 


1703 


1732 


3 


6 


9 


12 


15 


18 


21 24 27 


15 


1761 


1790 


1818 


1847 


1875 


1903 


1931 


1959 


1987 


2014 


3 


6 


S 


11 


14 


17 


20 22 25 


10 


2041 


2068 


2095 


2122 


2148 


2175 


2201 


2227 


2253 


2279 


3 


5 


8 


11 


13 


ib 


18 21 24 


17 


2304 


2330 


2355 


2380 


2405 


2430 


2455 


2480 


2504 


2529 


2 


5 


7 


10 


12 


15 


17 20 22 


18 


2553 


2577 


2601 


2625 


2648 


2672 


2695 


2718 


2742 


2765 


2 


5 


7 


9 


12 


14 


16 19 21 


19 


2788 


2810 


2833 


2856 


2878 


2900 


2923 


2945 


2967 


2989 


2 


4 


7 


9 


11 


13 


16 18 20 


20 


3010 


3032 


3054 


3075 


3096 


3"8 


3139 


3160 


3181 


3201 


2 


4 


C 


8 


11 


13 


15 17 19 


21 


3222 


3243 


3263 


3284 


3304 


3324 


3345 


3365 


3385 


3404 


2 


4 


6 


8 


10 


12 


14 16 18 


22 


3424 


3444 


3464 


3483 


3502 


3522 


354i 


3560 


3579 


3598 


2 


4 


6 


8 


10 


12 


14 15 17 


28 


3617 


3636 


3655 


3674 


3692 


37ii 


3729 


3747 


3766 


3784 


2 


4 


6 


7 


9 


11 


13 15 17 


24 


3802 


3820 


3838 


3856 


3874 


3892 


39°9 


3927 


3945 


3962 


2 


4 


5 


7 


9 


11 


12 14 16 


25 


3979 


3997 


4014 


4031 


4048 


4065 


4082 


4099 


4116 


4i33 


2 


3 


5 


7 


9 


10 


12 14 15 


2<J 


4150 


4166 


4183 


4200 


4216 


4232 


4249 


4265 


4281 


4298 


2 


3 


5 


7 


8 


10 


11 13 15 


27 


4314 


4330 


4346 


4362 


4378 


4393 


4409 


4425 


4440 


4456 


2 


3 


5 


6 


8 


9 


11 13 14 


28 


4472 


4487 


4502 


4518 


4533 


4548 


4564 


4579 


4594 


4609 


2 


3 


5 


6 


8 


9 


11 12 14 


29 


4624 


4639 


4654 


4669 


46S3 


4698 


4713 


4728 


4742 


4757 


1 


3 


4 


6 


7 


9 


10 12 13 


30 


4771 


4786 


4800 


4814 


4829 


4843 


4857 


4871 


4886 


4900 


1 


3 


4 


6 


7 


9 


10 11 13 


31 


4914 


4928 


4942 


4955 


4969 


4983 


4997 


501 1 


5024 


5038 


1 


3 


4 


6 


7 


8 


10 11 12 


82 


5051 


5065 


5079 


5092 


5105 


5119 


5132 


5145 


5159 


5172 


1 


3 


4 


5 


7 


8 


9 11 12 


33 


5i35 


5198 


5211 


5224 


5237 


5250 


5263 


5276 


5239 


5302 


1 


3 


4 


5 


6 


8 


9 10 12 


34 


5315 


5328 


5340 


5353 


5366 


5378 


5391 


5403 


54i6 


5428 


1 


3 


4 


5 


6 


8 


9 10 11 


35 


5441 


5453 


5465 


5478 


5490 


5502 


5514 


5527 


5539 


555i 


1 


2 


4 


5 


6 


7 


9 10 11 


30 


5563 


5575 


5587 


5599 


5611 


5623 


5635 


5647 


5658 


5670 


1 


2 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 10 11 


87 


5682 


5694 


5705 


5717 


5729 


5740 


5752 


5763 


5775 


5786 


1 


2 


3 


5 


6 


7 


8 9 10 


88 


5798 


5809 


5821 


5832 


5843 


5855 


5866 


5877 


5888 


5899 


1 


2 


3 


5 


6 


7 


8 9 10 


39 


59ii 


5922 


5933 


5944 


5955 


59 66 


5977 


5988 


5999 


6010 


1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


7 


8 9 10 


40 


6021 


6031 


6042 


6053 


6064 


6075 


6085 


6096 


6107 


6117 


1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


8 9 10 


4H 


6128 


6138 


6149 


6160 


6170 


6180 


6191 


6201 


6212 


6222 


1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 8 9 


42 


6232 


6243 


6253 


6263 


6274 


6284 


6294 


6304 


6314 


6325 


1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 8 9 


43 


6335 


6345 


6355 


6365 


6375 


6385 


6395 


6405 


6415 


6425 


1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 8 9 


44 


6435 


6444 


6454 


6464 


6474 


6484 


6493 


6503 


6513 


6522 


1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 8 9 


45 


6532 


6542 


6551 


6561 


6571 


6580 


6590 


6599 


6609 


6618 


1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 8 9 


46 


6628 


6637 


6646 


6656 


6665 


6675 


6684 


6693 


6702 


6712 


1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 7 8 


4 V 


6721 


6730 


6739 


6749 


6758 


6767 


6776 


6785 


6794 


6803 


1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


5 


678 


48 


6812 


6821 


6830 


6839 


6848 


6857 


6866 


6875 


6884 


6893 


1 


2 


3 


4 


4 


5 


678 


49 


6902 


6911 


6920 


6928 


6937 


6946 


6955 


6964 


6972 


6981 


1 


2 


3 


4 


4 


5 


678 


50 


6990 


6998 


7007 


7016 


7024 


7033 


7042 


7050 


7059 


7067 


1 


2 


3 


3 


4 


5 


678 


51 


7076 


7084 


7093 


7101 


7110 


7118 


7126 


7135 


7143 


7152 


1 


2 


3 


3 


4 


5 


678 


a2 


7160 


7168 


7177 


7185 


7193 


7202 


7210 


7218 


7226 


7235 


1 


2 


2 


3 


4 


5 


677 


53 


7243 


7251 


7259 


7267 


7275 


7284 


7292 


7300 


7308 


73r6 


1 


2 


2 


3 


4 


5 


667 


54 


7324 


7332 


7340 


7348 


7356 


7364 


7372 


738o 


7388 


739 6 


1 


2 


2 


3 


4 


5 


667 



7o 



PRAY'S TABLE OF FOUR-PLACE LOGARITHMS. 








1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


- — 1 

12 3 


4 5 6 


7 8 9 


55 
56 
57 

58 
59 


7404 
7482 
7559 
7634 
7709 


7412 
7490 
7566 
7642 
7716 


7419 
7497 
7574 
7649 

7723 


7427 
7505 
7582 
7657 
773i 


7435 
7513 
7589 
7664 

7738 


7443 
7520 

7597 
7672 

7745 


745i 
7528 
7604 
7679 
7752 


7459 
7536 
7612 
7686 
7760 


7466 

7543 
7619 
7694 
7767 


7474 

7551 
7627 
7701 
7774 


122 
122 
122 
112 
112 


3 4 5 
3 4 5 
3 4 5 
3 4 4 
3 4 4 


5 6 7 
5 6 7 
5 7 
5 6 7 
5 6 7 


60 
61 
62 
63 
64 


7782 

7853 
7924 

7993 
8062 


7789 
7860 

7931 
8000 
8069 


7796 
7868 
7938 
8007 
8075 


7803 
7375 
7945 
8014 
8082 


7810 
7882 
7952 
8021 
8089 


7818 
7889 

7959 
8028 
8096 


7825 
7896 
7966 

8035 
8102 


7832 
7903 
7973 
8041 
8109 


7839 
7910 
7980 
8048 
8116 


7846 
7917 
7987 
8055 
8122 


112 
112 
112 
112 
1 1 2 


3 4 4 
3 4 4 
3 3 4 
3 3 4 
3 3 4 


5 6 6 
566 
5 6 6 
5 5 6- 
5 5 6 


65 
66 
67 

68 
69 


8129 

8i95 
8261 

8325 
8388 


8136 
8202 
8267 
8331 
8395 


8142 
8209 
8274 
8338 
8401 


8149 

8215 
8280 

8344 
8407 

8470 

8531 
8591 
8651 
8710 


8156 
8222 

8287 

8351 
8414 


8162 
8228 
8293 
8357 
8420 


8169 

8235 
8299 

8363 
8426 


8176 
8241 
8306 
8370 
8432 


8182 
8248 
8312 
8376 
8439 


8189 
8254 
8319 

8382 

8445 


112 
112 
112 

112 
112 


3 3 4 
3 3 4 
3 3 4 
3 3 4 
2 3 4 


5 5 6 
5 5 6 
5 5 6 
4 5 & 
4 5 6 


70 
71 
72 
73 
74 


8451 
8513 
8573 
8633 
8692 


8457 
8519 
8579 
8639 
8698 


8463 
8525 
8585 
8645 
8704 

8762 
8820 
8876 
8932 
8987 


8476 
8537 
8597 
8657 
8716 


8482 

8543 
8603 
8663 
8722 


8488 

8549 
8609 
8669 
8727 


8494 

8555 
8615 
8675 
8733 


8500 
8561 
8621 
8681 
8739 


8506 
8567 
8627 
8686 

8745 


112 
112 
112 
I 12 
112 


2 3 4 
2 3 4 
2 3 4 
2 3 4 
2 3 4 


4 5 6 
4 5 5 
4 5 5 
4 5 5 
4 5 5 


75 
76 
77 

78 
79 


8751 
8808 
8865 
8921 
8976 


8756 
8814 
8871 
8927 
8982 


8768 
8825 
8882 
8938 
8993 


8774 
8831 
8887 

8943 
8998 


8779 
8837 
8893 
8949 
9004 


8785 
8842 
8899 

8954 
9009 


8791 
8848 
8904 
8960 
9015 


8797 
8854 
8910 
8965 
9020 


8802 

8859 
8915 
8971 
9025 


112 
112 
112 
112 
112 


2 3 3 
2 3 3 
2 3 3 
2 3 3 
2 3 3 


4 5 5 
4 5 5 
4 4 5 
4 4 5 
4 4 5 


80 
81 

82 
83 

84 


9031 
9085 
9138 
9191 
9243 


9036 
9090 

9143 
9196 
9248 


9042 
9096 
9149 
9201 
9253 


9047 
9101 

9 J 54 
9206 

9258 


9053 
9106 

9159 
9212 
9263 


9058 
9112 
9165 
9217 
9269 


9063 
9117 
9170 
9222 
9274 


9069 
9122 

9 X 75 
9227 

9279 


9074 
9128 
9180 
9232 
9284 


9079 

9133 
9186 
9238 
9289 


112 
112 
112 
112 
112 


2 3 3 
2 3 3 
2 3 3 
2 3 3 
2 3 3 


4 4 5 
4 4 5 
4 4 5 
4 4 5 
4 4 5 


85 
86 
87 
88 
89 


9294 
9345 
9395 
9445 
9494 


9299 
9350 
9400 
945o 
9499 


9304 
9355 
9405 
9455 
9504 


9309 
9360 
9410 
9460 
9509 


9315 
9365 
9415 
9465 
9513 


9320 
9370 
9420 
9469 
95i8 


9325 

9375 
9425 
9474 
9523 


933o 
938o 
9430 

9479 
9528 


9335 
9385 
9435 
9484 

9533 


9340 
9390 
9440 

9489 
9538 


112 
112 
Oil 
Oil 
Oil 


2 3 3 
2 3 3 
223 
223 
223 


4 4 5 
4 4 5 
3 4 4 
3 4 4 
3 4 4 


90 
91 
92 
93 
94 


9542 
9590 
9638 
9685 
973i 


9547 
9595 
9643 
9689 
9736 


9552 
9600 
9647 
9694 
9741 


9557 
9605 
9652 
9699 
9745 


9562 
9609 
9657 
9703 
9750 


9566 
9614 
9661 
9708 
9754 


9571 
9619 
9666 
9713 
9759 


9576 
9624 
9671 
9717 
9763 


958i 
9628 

9675 
9722 
9768 


9586 

9 6 33 
9680 

9727 
9773 

9818 
9863 
9908 
9952 
9996 


Oil 
Oil 
Oil 
Oil 
Oil 


223 
223 
223 
223 
223 


3 4 4 
3 4 4 
3 4 4 
3 4 4 
3 4 4 


95 
96 
97 

98 
99 


9777 
9823 
9868 
9912 
9956 


9782 
9827 
9872 
9917 
9961 


9786 
9832 
9877 
9921 

9965 


9791 
9836 
9881 
9926 
9969 


9795 
9841 
9886 
9930 
9974 


9S00 

9845 
9890 

9934 
9978 


9805 
9850 
9894 
9939 
9983 


9809 

9854 
9899 

9943 
9987 


9814 
9859 
99°3 
9948 
9991 


Oil 
Oil 
Oil 
Oil 
Oil 


223 
223 
223 
223 
223 


3 4 4 
3 4 4 
3 4 4 
3 4 4 
3 3 4 



FRAY'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 71 

GENERAL DIRECTIONS TO THE USE OF THE TABLES AND 
TO NOTATIONS EMPLOYED. 

By Thomas Pray, Jr., C. C. and M. Engr. 

The various notations employed by writers upon calorimeter computations are 
sufficiently confusing, but added to that fact another one, that of different expressions 
for the same one of the various heat factors in steam, and any comparison becomes 
a matter of confusion. 

In this volume, as in the author's " Steam Tables and Engine Constants," the same 
references are made and the same letters invariably refer to same quantity or property. 

/^absolute pressure in pounds per square inch. 

ff= total heat of steam from 32° F. 

Z = latent heat of steam from 32 F. 

>£=heat units in water at P from 32° F. 

The left-hand column is the temperature of steam in F.° by intervals of one-tenth 
degree, from 212° to 446 , strictly from Regnault's results in his " Experiences," re- 
duced to the inches of mercury for that temperature in English units, by Prof. Dr. 
Dixon's formulae (Dublin University), for the level of the sea, at 45 latitude, the mer- 
cury being at 32 F. 

H, L, h are strictly from Regnault's own figures in " Experiences" (1847) for each 
whole degree, and from Dixon as above. H is only carried to the second place 
decimal, while L and h are carried to four decimal places, of which three are relia- 
ble for use, and to read closely between any two, or conform to the second decimal 
place in the left-hand column, it becomes very closely correct and easily applicable. 

The whole was checked with Regnault's own work at each ninth degree F., and 
differences again checked from one to the other point on the Centigrade scale. 

It is quite usual for writers to use various terms for "latent heat." Peabody 
uses "heat of vaporization." Porter uses "number required for evaporation," 
meaning the number of British Thermal Units, and both writers mean exactly the same 
thing, or latent heat (L). In these tables, H means the total heat in the steam in B. T. 
U., including practically the sum of latent heat and sensible heat, {h) is the "heat 
of the liquid," Peabody and others, (/i) being the heat in the water from which the 
steam is made, there being a difference between the left-hand column and the one under 
(/z) on same line of about 32 F., varying from 31. 1 at 212 down to 23.526 at 446 , or the 
upper limit ; " h" is also referred to as "heat in the water from which the steam is 
made." In our present use of the various heats of steam we do not require the separa- 
tion of the "internal or external work equivalents" which together make Z, nor 
do we make any use of the " entropy of the liquid." 

We have, then, all the factors in these tables for the computations of any calorim- 
eter observations with more certainty and rapidity than the usual tables, where 
the whole degree or pound are the units, especially where fine interpolations are to be 
made, and the tables are equally accurate and expeditious for either the throttling, 
separating or barrel types, or others of reliable methods of such work. 

The Peabody formula is given precisely as Prof. Peabody gives it in his " Thermo- 
dynamics" and in his notation ; the same is done with Prof. Carpenter's formula, and 
each is changed to the author's notation in the following pages, simply and solely for 
uniformity and expedition in computation. 



72 PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 

For this purpose inferior letters are used which do not change the meaning of the 
letters given in second paragraph of this article in any way, but add clearness to the 
references, and save any reasonable chance of error in computation by any one not 
familiar with usual notations. 

His, total heat in steam at absolute pressure always, in B. T. U. 

L is the latent heat in the steam at absolute pressure always, B. T. U. 

h is the heat units in the water at absolute pressure always. 

In calorimeter observations, from which to compute Q or M, two temperatures 
must be used, one of which is the temperature of the steam at calorimeter pressure, 
and means the temperature at pressure from tables of the steam inside of and flow- 
ing through the instrument ; the other is the thermometer reading, or reading of 
thermometer in the mercury well of calorimeter, and this may be quite different from 
what it should be from its pressure, and this second term is always supposed to be 
superheated, or to be above that due to pressure, and from this difference we obtain 
data for computing either the moisture (M) or the superheating in the calorimeter. 
We have also (/z) for higher pressure always with the throttling calorimeter, and may 
be from inside the boiler or from main steam pipe, or any source in which boiler 
pressure is flowing without throttling or being in any way reduced. L is also higher 
pressure, or boiler pressure, in all cases, and usually the three quantities last referred 
to are where trouble arises. In this volume and in all formulae, the same reference 
means the same thing and nothing different. 

H c = total heat in calorimeter at absolute pressure, which is usually near to 15 
lbs., but may be 20 or 25 equally well, or less than 5 lbs., if used in connection 
with the condenser. 

hp — heat units in water at higher pressure, or boiler or steam pipe pressure, 
and is called "heat of the liquid " by Peabody, in his steam tables. 

L = in all calorimeter computations must be latent heat of the higher pressure 
with no exception in this volume, and in all calorimeter formulas refers to latent 
heat of the boiler or steam pipe pressure, if it refers to latent heat at all. 

t r = thermometer reading of calorimeter well (superheated, or supposed to be). 

t c = temperature of the steam inside of the calorimeter, at pressure near that of 
one atmosphere, and is from left-hand column of table always. 

0.48 — " C/' of works on Thermodynamics, or the factor index of " Regnault's 
specific heat of superheated steam at constant pressure," and in all computations on 
Peabody's or Carpenter's throttling calorimeters in this volume, is used to multiply 
the difference between " t r and t c " — meaning the difference between the two tem- 
peratures of the calorimeter, and in no case has 0.48 any relation to the higher pressures 
in this volume. 

All the notations above refer equally to either the Peabody or the Carpenter 
throttling calorimeter only. 

A moment's consideration on the reader's part will show that the notation adopted 
by the author means something in each case, and is especially adapted to the use 
of that term in that place only, and the notations have one use only in this volume, 
and, finally, to repeat their use with the inferior letters : 

He = calorimeter, total heat. This refers to the lower pressure, and directions for 
reducing barometer or manometer (which are always in inches of mercury) to 
pounds per square inch, and applying this, is given in the examples. 

h, wherever used, means "heat in water" and at the higher pressure, without any 
exception, and when used in connection with its inferior index/, 



PRATS CALORIMETER TABLES. 73 

hp refers to "higher pressure" or pipe pressure, and " heat in water," at that 
pressure only. 

is = reading of thermometer in calorimeter well only. 

t c - calorimeter temperature (inside) or temperature of the steam at any pressure 
at which it may be flowing through the instrument, and this temperature varies 
much as it has more or less of water in it ; it might have been better to have said 
"temperature of the steam at the calorimeter pressure as it is supposed to be if there 
was no moisture or superheat in it," and this temperature is always taken from left- 
hand column of tables. 

Temperatures in this volume in all computations are in Fahrenheit degrees, and 
the references are as simple as it is possible to make them with the different quantities 
taken into the computations. 

Temperature of the steam at any absolute pressure P is shown in left-hand column, 
and does not indicate for steam gauge readings. 

Directions for fully correcting barometer or manometer readings are given in 
examples of both Prof. Peabody and Prof. Carpenter's instruments, one using press- 
ure gauge, the other a manometer, for inside pressure, both depending upon ba- 
rometer reading for the corrected pressure ; if no barometer is used, 14.696 lbs. is near 
as is necessary ; if tables are at hand, reduction is instantly made by reference to right- 
hand column, otherwise divide inches of mercury in barometer reading by 2.03592, or 
multiply inches of mercury by 0.49117," and the result will be pounds per square 
inch, quite near enough for all practical purposes, within 600 feet of altitude from sea 
level. 

These tables have been recomputed entirely by the author and his son, Robert G., 
strictly from Regnault's data in his own report to the Minister of Public Works in 
France, and in French, using Dixon's formulae in deductions needed, and is as near as 
our present knowledge of the subject permits. 



PROF. PEABODY'S FORMULA FOR HIS OWN THROTTLING 

CALORIMETER. 



Priming = 1 — -J L x + 0.48 (t s — U )—q y -r-r (Peabody's notation), in which l 1 — the 

total heat in steam at calorimeter pressure by the tables. 

ts = temperature of calorimeter thermometer. 

ti — temperature of steam at calorimeter pressure by tables. 

q — heat of the water from which steam is made at pipe pressure. 

r — latent heat in steam at the pipe or boiler pressure. 

0.48 = specific heat of steam. 

The pressure in calorimeter must be increased by the barometer reading, or if no 
barometer is used add 14.7 to pressure of calorimeter, and l x is the total heat (H in these 
tables) of that pressure (P in these tables), and all pressures used in calorimeter com- 
putations are, and must be, absohite to reach correct results. ^■ 1 is taken from the tables, 
column "H" in this book. 

t s — the degrees read from the thermometer in the cup which contains mercury 



74 PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 

(preferably), around which the steam inside of the calorimeter moves, plainly shown on 
page 66, and is " the temperature of the steam in the calorimeter." 

ti = the temperature of steam at pressure in calorimeter from the gauge B, page 
66, to which is added barometer pressure if known, otherwise add 14.7 pounds, and the 
temperature of this corrected pressure is taken from tables, first left-hand column, in 
degrees F., thus 16.12 under P = 216. 7 F. 

q = " heat of the liquid " or heat of the water from which steam (at the pressure is 
made) (P) and in these tables is in the 5th column from the left, and will be known 
as (A) or (little k). 

r = •-" latent heat" found under "Z" in these tables. 

The heat given under H, L and h in these tables are all " from 32 F.," and unlike 
many of the tables in use, no correction is needed — the numbers from all the columns 
of table in this book are used as found. 

Taking as an example, steam gauge on boiler, 82 pounds ; steam gauge on calorim- 
eter, 4.3 pounds ; barometer, 30.12'; temperature of calorimeter thermometer, 238 F., 
this data gives all that is required to work fully. 

Barometer 30.12 inches, look under right-hand column of page 8, find 30. 10 inches, 
and go across page same line under column P — 14 78+ pounds as the value of 30.12 
inches of mercury reduced to pounds per square inch. ^ x = Zf at the pressure in calorim- 
eter, which is 4.3 -+- 14.78 = 18.81. On page 10, 18.816 pounds = 1150.41 H, and ti for 
the same is 224. 7 F. Look on page 30, find q under h for 96.78 pounds, and q is 296.50 
under h (in these tables), or the heat of the water, or heat units in water. Finding r 
under L (in these tables) = 884.60. Collecting the above data we have l x = 1150.41 
ts — 238.0, ti — 224.7, q = 296.50, and r = 884.60, and we have here all the first dat a 
put into proper form for computation, and we write finally 1150 41 4- (238 — 224.7 x 
o 48 = 6.38) and 1150.41 4- 6.38 = 1156.79 — 296.50 = 860.29 -4- 884.60 = priming, and 
the whole is so simple any one may compute it by giving attention to the quantities. To 
the total heat of the steam is added the difference between t s — ti after being multiplied 
by 0.48. In this case 238 — 224.7 = *3-3 x 0.48 = 6.38, and this computation is all 
included in the brackets, and 1150.41 -f- 6.38 = 1156.79; from this q,- or the heat in the 
water, at the absolute pressure of 96.78 pounds, which is 296.50, isdeducted ; and 1156.79 
— 296.50 = 860.29, an d this amount is practically the equivalent latent heat in the steam 
at that pressure and under those conditions, but this feature is not usually explained, 
and 860.29 -ir 884.60 =■ Q == 0.97251, which is the quality of that steam as compared with 
dry steam at unity ; then 1 — Q = Mot the moisture in steam, and 1 — 0.97251 = 0.02749, 
or practically 2.75$ of priming or moisture in the steam. In the above example the 
author has used Prof. Peabody's formula and notations but gives preference to the fol 
lowing for use with these tables for uniformity of reference only. 
Peabody. Pray. 

l x = He = Total heat (column Zf in calorimeter) by tables. 

t s = t r = Calorimeter thermometer reading. 

ti = i c = Temperature of steam at calorimeter pressure. 

q = hp = Heat units in water at pressure in boiler or pipe. 

r = L = Latent heat in steam at pressure in boiler or pipe, 

Cp or 0.48 = 0.48 = Constant for specific heat of superheated steam, and 

Prof. Peabody's formula becomes for use with 
this book and tables, 

H c + 0.48 {t r — t c ) — h -h L — quality of steam Q, and 1 — Q = percentage 0/ 
moisture (M) in the steam, or if Q = + 1, superheat is shown. 



PRAY' S CALORIMETER TABLES. 75 

Example. Closing a ten hours' test using a Peabody's calorimeter, the average of 
observations are as follows: Barometer, 29.98"; steam gauge, 80.655 lbs.; boiler, 
5.177 lbs. in calorimeter, while the thermometer in calorimeter reads 284.77 F. , and here 
is all data needed for arriving at final result of quality of steam. 

Barometer 29 98 (see page 8) = 14.725 lbs. per sq. inch, and to get the correct abso- 
lute pressures we add to boiler gauge and calorimeter gauge readings 14.725, or barometer 
reading reduced to lbs. per sq. inch, and we have 80.655 + 14-725 = 95.380 lbs. abso- 
lute, and 5.177 lbs. -f- *4-7 2 5 = 19.902 as calorimeter pressure. 

" H c " then is found on page n, 19.91 = 1151.31 = He, and t c = 227. 7 F. t r is given 
as 284.77°F. hp = (page 30) 95.42 lbs. = 295.46, and L on same line 885.34, and here 
are all quantities called for. Then 

1151.31 ■+- (2S4.77 — 227.70 = 57.07 X 0.48 = 27.39) and II5I-3I + 27.39 = 1178.70 
— 295.46 = 883.24 -7- 885.34 = 0.99763 as quality of steam or Q, and 1 — Q = 1 — 
0.99763 = 0.00237 = M, and this steam has in it not quite three-tenths of one per cent, 
of moisture. To aid readers not familiar we repeat : 

He = 1151-31 (t r — tc = 57-07) and 57.07 x 0.48 = 27.39, and H c + tr - t c x 0.48 
= 1151.31 + 27.39 = 1178.70, from which hp is deducted, and hp = 295.46, and 1178.70 — 
295.46 = 883.24, which is the final quantity of the first part of the formula, and is to be 
divided by Z, or 885.34 as before stated. The successive steps are as follows : 

First. Take barometer reading, reduce to pounds per sq. inch by tables. 

Second. Add reduced barometer reading, alike, to both gauge pressures. 

Third. Find H c or total heat in steam for the calorimeter absolute pressure, by 
tables. 

Fourth. t r , readings of the calorimeter thermometer from record. 

Fifth. t c , temperature of the steam at calorimeter absolute pressure from tables. 

Sixth, hp, " heat units in water " for pipe or boiler pressure. 

Seventh. Z, " latent heat of steam " at pipe or boiler pressure, always using the 
0.48 (constant for specific heat of superheated steam) as stated in formula. These are 
all the needed quantities, and the order in which they are found and used. Put down 
the third, deduct the fifth from the fourth, multiply the difference between the last two 
quantities by 0.48, taking care of decimal points or places ; add this product to the third, 
or He, and from that sum subtract hp, or the sixth, and this is the end of one part of 
the work. This result is to be divided byZ, the final result being a decimal if moisture 
is present, and a whole number (1) with a slight fraction added if steam is superheated. 

For example, another set of conditions is included to enable computations to be 
made with certainty. 

Gauge pressure, 101.71 ; barometer, 29.96 inches ; calorimeter gauge, 0.74 ; calo- 
rimeter thermometer, 325°F., and this data includes all needed for quality of steam and 
amount of moisture. Page 8 of tables, 29.96 inches of mercury lies between the first 
two numbers but nearest the second, and equals 14.72 lbs. nearly, and 101.71 + 14.72 
= 116.43 lbs. as absolute pressure in main pipe, and 0.74 + 14.72 = 15.46 lbs., equals 
absolute pressure in calorimeter. 

He for 15.46 lbs. = 1147.36, and t c 2i4.6°F., both page 8. t r — as above 325°F., and 
hp for 116.43 (page 33) = 310.46, and Z (same line and page) = 874.70. 

H c = 1147.36. t r — 325°F. t c = 214 6°F. hp = 310.46, and Z = 874.70. To 
compute from previous directions t r — t c = 325 — 214.6 = 110.4, and 110.4 x 0.48 = 
52.99. He = 1147.36 + 52.99 = 1200.35 — 310.45 = 889.54 ■*■ L — 874.70 gives as Q 
1. 01697, or the steam is better than the ideal standard of unity, with which, as a 
standard, it is compared To those not familiar with calorimeter computations it may 



76 FRAY'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 

be well to call attention to the fact, that when the first of the two final terms is the 
largest, the result is superheat, or, the steam had in it at that time (if all has been 
correctly done) more heat than was due to the pressure noted on the record. 

Having found Q to exceed unity or i, we reduce the excess of heat to degrees of 
superheat, the rule being : From the result (which must be greater than unity) deduct I. 
The remainder is to be multiplied by Z, or the latent heat of the steam at absolute 
pressure in the boiler or main steam pipe, and that result may be either divided by 
0.48, or multiplied by 2.0833, the final result being degrees superheat. Then 
1.01697 — 1 == 0.01697 x 874.70 = 14.843 X' 2.0833 = 30-92, or 
o 01697 x 874.70 = 14.843 -f- o 48 = 30.92 ; 
and from the above, the amount of heat taken from steam by the presence of moisture 
in it is L x % of moisture, and the number of degrees in that result can be found by 
dividing the last result by the specific heat of steam, which is 0.48. 

874.7 x 0.01697 % = 14.843 -r- 0.48 — 30.92 , and thus for any pressure. 

The last example shows a clear superheat of nearly 3i°F. taken in the daily work 
of a water tube boiler at Pittsburgh, Penn., running slightly above the maker's rating 
of 250 horse power. 

A closing example with no explanation, for the Peabody is also actual. Boiler 
gauge, 104; barometer, 30.40 inches; calorimeter gauge, 0.786 lb. Thermometer in 
calorimeter reads 326°F. complete data. 1. Barometer reduced = 14.932 lbs. 2. 104 -+- 
14.932 = 118.932 lbs., and 0.786 + 14.932 = 15.718 lbs. absolute pressure. 3. 1147 62. 
4. 326°F. 5. 215.4. 6. 312.10. 7. 873.53. Then 

1147.62 + (326 — 215.4 -+- 0.48) = no 6 x 0.48 = 53.09, and 1147.62 + 53.09 = 
1200.71 — 312.10 = 8S8.61 -r- 873.53 = 1. 017828, and 1.017S28 — 1 = 0.017S28 x 873.53 
= 15.094 -4- 0.48 = 31. 44° of superheat at the time the data was taken. 

The reader should have no trouble in following any of the examples by referring 
to the tables and instructions in the previous pages, taking care not to attempt the 
Peabody method to Carpenter calorimeter, or vice versa The notations of both Pro- 
fessors Peabody and Carpenter are retained to conform to their own computations, but 
both are changed to the author's own, in order that reference to the pages of tables 
shall be uniform and without mistake. 



PROF. CARPENTER'S FORMULA FOR HIS THROTTLING 

CALORIMETER. 

On page 57 will be found the formula of Prof. Carpenter in his own article, as 
x r + q = H + 0.48 j, or 
x = H + 0.48 s — q -f- r, in which 
x = quality of dry steam in the original sample, r = latent heat of dry steam in 
original sample, q = heat above 32°F. in one pound of water at original pressure in 
boiler or steam pipe, or other source of supply, H — total heat of steam at pressure in 
the calorimeter, and s = degrees of superheat, or excess of temperature in the steam 
inside of calorimeter, above the temperature due to the pressure at the moment of ob- 
servation. 

In order to obtain H and s we must make use of the barometer reading and correct 



PRAY' S CALORIMETER TABLES. 77 

or reduce that, by adding to it the inches above o (zero) on the manometer, or small 
mercury gauge (see illustration, Fig. 2, page 60), right hand. 

Prof. Carpenter has so well described the attachment and use of his throttling in- 
strument on pages 57, 59, 60, that we will test the application of his formula, first 
changing his notation to our own, solely for uniformity in all formula in this volume. 
Prof. Carpenter. Pray. 

H = He = total heat in calorimeter from tables lower pressure. 

s superheat (see above) ) 
it is the difference > (s) not used as by Carpenter, 
between t r and tc. ) 

t r = calorimeter thermometer reading (in mercury well). 
tc = temperature of the steam, at pressure in calorimeter 
from the tables. 

q = hp = heat units in water, at higher pressure, from tables 

under (h). 

r = L = latent heat in steam at higher pressure always. (Z.) 

0.48 = 0.48 = Regnault's specific heat of superheated steam. 

(Note. — The formula of Prof Peabody differs from that of Prof. Carpenter only in 
the working out ; really there need be no difference, as will be seen from the examples 
which follow, and the terms are in fact identical.) 

Then conforming strictly to Prof. Carpenter's formula and using our own notation 
with these tables, and we have for the Carpenter throttling calorimeter, Q = He — 
hp + 0.48 {t r — t c ) -5- Z, in which Q = quality of steam as compared with dry steam as 
unity, and M = the percentage of moisture in the steam, or I — Q = M, and if the final 
result is plus 1 there must be superheat, and if less than 1 the mixture must and does 
contain moisture. 

Example. The average of two hours' run was as follows : Steam gauge, 93.31 
lbs.; barometer U. S. Signal Service, 29.92 inches ; manometer (or mercury gauge on 
the calorimeter) = 1.84 inches above o, and thermometer in calorimeter read 228°F. 

The above items are all that are necessary, and from them full computation is cor- 
rectly made as follows : Reduce the barometer reading from inches of mercury into 
pounds per square inch — this is exactly what the right-hand column of the table is for ; 
on page 8 find 29.92 inches of mercury equals 14.696 lbs., to which add the reading of 
the steam gauge, or 14.696 -f- 93.31 = 108.92 lbs., and this is the higher absolute press- 
ure. The calorimeter pressure is found by adding the barometer reading to that of the 
manometer, and 1.84 + 29.92 = 31.76 inches of mercury, see page 8 right-hand column ; 
find 31.746 inches and across the page under P find 15,593 as the lbs. per square inch 
reduced from 31.76 inches of mercury. We have then for the absolute pressure inside 
of the calorimeter 15.593 lbs., and on the same line, page 8, find He or total heat, which 
is 1147.50, and in the left-hand column of same line, the temperature of steam inside 
of the calorimeter should be, for 15.593 lbs., or t c = 2i5°F. 

The absolute pressure of boiler or steam pipe is as above — 108.92 lbs., find this 
under P on page 32, and on same line under Z notice 878.32, and next column to right 
on same line find hp = 305.36 or heat in water, and this completes our data for com- 
putation of Q. H c = 1147.50, hp = 305.36, t r = 228, t c = 215, and Z = 878.32. Then 
1147.50 — 305.36 = 842.14 + (228 — 215 = 13 x 0.48 = 6.24) and 6.24 added to 842.14 
= 848.38 -T- 878.32 = .96592 which is Q, and this amount from 1, or 1 — 0.96592 =. 
.03408$ of moisture in that mixture, or about 3.4$. By this showing the steam was 
96.592$ steam, and 3.408$ of water or moisture, or the mixture of moisture and steam 



78 PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 

was in that proportion. Especial attention is called by the reader, particularly of those 
not familiar with such observations and computations, to the difference being so small 
between t r and t c , or 13 only, and this is entirely too close to the limit of the instru- 
ment for correct indications to be accepted upon any throttling calorimeter. The instru- 
ment was at once disconnected, and in the conical steam way or nozzle was found 
wedged a small piece of iron scale, which prevented a free flow of the steam, wedge 
removed, instrument put back again, and note result. 

Example. Boiler steam gauge, 96.22 lbs.; manometer, 2.1 inches above o ; calorim- 
eter thermometer reading, 27i°F.; barometer U. S. S. S., 29.92 inches, and our data 
is complete for reduction. 

29.92 inches of mercury reduced is 14.7 lbs., and this is to be added to both the 
higher and lower pressures. Gauge pressure is 96.22 -J- 14.7 = 110.92 lbs. or boiler 
pressure absolute. On page 32 find this pressure under T, and on the same line under L 
is 877.33, an d under h, same line, is hp = 306.75, for the higher pressure. 

29.92 inches of barometer is added to the 2.10 inches of the manometer, making 
32.02 inches, and this reduced to lbs. per square inch on page 8 — 15.73 lbs., and this 
is the lower pressure in absolute terms, or it is the pressure inside of the calorimeter, 
and is the sum of the two amounts, of barometer reading and back pressure on the 
manometer, above the zero of the manometer ; then to get the other terms we use this 
15.73 lbs. as the lower pressure. On same line under H find 1147.63 = h c , and at left- 
hand column, same line, is t c = 215. 45 or between two lines, and we have all the terms 
to close the computation of Q. 

1147.63 — 306.75 = 840.98 4- (271 — 215.45 = 55.55 x 0.48 = 26.66) and 840.98 -f- 

Hc hp t r tc 

26.66 = 867.64 -4- 877.33 = 0.9S896, and this is Q, and under each of the principal terms 

L Q 

are the indexes, to assist learners in following out the workings. 

In the last example we have Q = 98.896$ of steam in the mixture, and 1 — Q — 
1.104$ °f moisture, instead of the amount previously given, with the iron scale in the 
calorimeter, and this is one of the matters to be watched in any throttling calorimeter, 
if accurate results are desired. 

Example. The following observations were made on a long test ; Steam gauge, 
141 lbs. ; barometer, 30.052 inches ; manometer, 2.2 inches ; thermometer in calorimeter 
well read 300°F. = t r . 

Reducing barometer reading from inches of mercury to lbs. per square inch, page 
8, find 30.08 in right-hand column, 30.04 = 14.755 lbs., and this is to be added to both 
higher and lower pressures ; 141 4" 1 4«755 = 155.755 lbs., which is the corrected ab- 
solute higher pressure. On page 37 of tables, find between 155.65 and 155.85 under h 
that hp lies between 333.61 and 333.71, or hp = 333.66, and on same line find L as 858.40, 
and data is complete for higher pressure. 

Manometer reads 2.2 inches and barometer 30.052, these are added together, and 
make 32.52 inches of mercury ; see page 8, find 32.24865 = 15.8398 lbs. per square inch, 
and on same line find under H 1147.74 which is H c , and at left hand of page also find 
215.8 = tc, or temperature of inside of calorimeter at pressure of 15.8398 lbs., and our 
data is complete for final computation. 

1147.74 — 333.66 = 814.08 4" (300 — 215.8 = 84.2 X 0.48 = 40.42) and 814.08 4 
He hp t r t c 

40.42 = 854.50 -4- 858.40 = 0.99546 or Q, and this is the quality of the steam, and 1 — 
L Q 



PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 79 

Q = 0.00454$ or M, and the mixture of steam and water at that time consisted of 
0.99546$ of steam and 0.00454$ of moisture, or 99.546$ steam and 0.454$ of moisture, 
or rather under one-half of one per cent, of moisture. 

The 40.42 in above is Prof. Carpenter's s, or the difference between the temperature 
of the thermometer in the well of calorimeter, and the temperature of steam at its 
pressure inside calorimeter, multiplied by 0.48. As explained, the author does not use 
s, but takes " U — t c X 0.4S " and this makes s, as the professor uses it in his formula ; 
the meaning and results are precisely the same, and no change is made in any way by 
the different way of using it from either formula. 

Example. Barometer reading 30.26 inches = 14.85 lbs. per sq. inch, gauge P = 
140, calorimeter reading on thermometer = 324°F., manometer reads o, and U = 212.55, 
L — 858.75, hp = 333.17, tr — 324, H c — 1146.77, and data is complete for computing Q. 

Having calorimeter tables at hand this is worked out precisely as follows : 
1146.77 — 333.17 = 813.60 -f- (324 — 212.55 = "MS x 0.48 = 53.50) 
53-5Q 
867.10 -7- 858.75 = 1.0095 or plus 1, and there is superheat present, 
and above are all the figures needed, except the division of 867.10 by 858.75, which can 
be done by table of logs at end of the book, or any other way as preferred. 

In this example, the amount 867.10 is the amount of heat accounted for in our 
observation, in the whole experiment, and the 858.75 is what we should find in steam 
of the higher pressure if it is equal to the standard, or established ideal, and in all 
calorimeter computations 867.10 is what is termed the end of the first part of the com- 
putation, then if that result is greater than the Z, we must have superheat, or we are 
in possession of more heat than is needed to come to the standard of unity, or dry steam ? 
having no water in its composition. 

To obtain the degrees of superheat, in the excess of result over 1, proceed precisely 
as already instructed under Peabody calorimeter. 

1.0095 — 1 = 0.0095 x 858.75 -f- 0.48 = i6.996°F., or the steam as made in that 
boiler, at that time, had an average of nearly I7°F. above the temperature due to the 
pressure. 

The examples given cover the usual variations in practice, and any one with even 
a fair knowledge of figures may work any calorimeter computation properly, if care is 
first used in putting the quantities into correct relations, and this can be done very 
quickly and very correctly with some care and practice. 

Two pages of logarithms are given to four places, and differences arranged for 
ready reference, for those accustomed to use them, and no engineer should allow one 
week to pass if he is not accustomed to their use, but should learn and use them ; but 
bocks for beginners are scarce, and unless begun properly they are a puzzle, and of 
questionable benefit. 



So PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 

THE BARREL CALORIMETER. 

(See page 84, Fig. 1 ) 

Laying aside all theory and personal interest of advocates of one or another patented 
device, and no method at once covers the whole ground so well as the barrel, none is 
more accurate, none more easily applied, none so cheap, if properly used, and in the 
author's practice he always runs the barrel as a check on either Peabody's or Carpen- 
ter's, and if any considerable amount of moisture appears, the barrel becomes the only 
reliable method aside from Carpenter's separating instrument (new pattern). 

An oil or other barrel holding 40 to 45 gallons, cleaned with hot water and sal- 
soda, soda-ash, or concentrated lye, having a common molasses gate, or any suitable 
cock, with an inch and one-half clear outlet, and as near the bottom of the barrel as 
possible, to draw the water off rapidly after a test, and a pair of platform scales set 
level and firm, and the apparatus is complete in that portion. Much is said or written 
about "paddles," "floats" and "stirrers," all of which are useless and unnecessary 
with the author's mixing tube. 

The writer has for thirty years used a piece of one-half inch steam pipe, 14 to 18 
inches in length, with holes drilled from the outside, in form of a spiral (one turn to 
the inch), holes about one-tenth of an inch in diameter and far enough apart to put 
fifty of them in one foot in length of the pipe ; put a cap on the lower end and drill 
from above the cap upwards to get length and distribution, and your mixing tube is 
done. 

In connecting the barrel, have the end of the mixing tube about two inches from 
the bottom of the barrel, and no mechanical aid will be required to properly mix the 
water, or to secure an average temperature in all parts of the water. The author pre- 
fers to lead a 3^-inch pipe to near the barrel, and six inches above the upper end of 
the barrel to put in a ^-inch tee with a j^-inch outlet, and to the outlet attach a ^-inch 
valve to draw out the water above the %-inch valve at the lower end of the tee, which 
leads the steam into the barrel. Under the 2^-inch valve lead such a piece of pipe as 
will retain the lower end of the mixing tube, as described, about Uvo inches from the 
bottom of the barrel. The steam pipe to barrel should be covered with some non- 
conductor, and the barrel should not be exposed to drafts of air, and if drafts are un- 
avoidable felt the outside of the barrel. 

Before making a test, fill the barrel with water and boil it a few minutes, ten 
minutes at least, and draw it off ; repeat this once or more — the wood will vary but little, 
and the loss of heat in the second filling is inappreciable. 

Four hundred pounds preferably, or three hundred and fifty pounds of water is 
the least amount used by the author, and with such an amount he prefers the barrel to 
any other form for real indications ; but it is frequently the case that the use of some 
other form is compulsory. It is better, in order to have a check on your own work, to 
add some proportion of the weight of the water in steam each time ; as 400 pounds of 
water and 40 pounds of steam, 300 pounds of water and 30 pounds of steam, 
and if ice is obtainable, by all means use it freely, breaking it up and adding to 
the water. Reduce the temperature at the start of the test to 36 or 38° F., or as near that 
as is possible ; then take the remaining ice out of the barrel, and bring the water to 
exact weight, and take the temperature from a two minutes' immersion of the ther- 
mometer, open the small blow-off cock, and get the water all out of the pipe and the 



PRAY'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 81 

steam to circulating. Bring the water to the exact weight ; move the balance weight 
on the scales to cover the amount to be added ; open the ^-inch valve wide open, and 
put in the amount of steam already decided upon. 

There will be no jarring, splashing, shaking or other disturbing action so much 
referred to by some of the would-be critics of the barrel calorimeter ; but the steam 
enters quietly, quickly, is completely mixed, and with a little practice any one can come 
far inside of any appreciable error in weight, first and every time. 

The temperature should be taken by keeping the thermometer in the water from 
the start, and finally after the valve is closed, and the water comes quiet, which requires 
less than ten seconds ; the weight needs to be very carefully taken, and if any amount 
in excess is added, include that at the instant of closing the valve, and these general 
hints are sufficient. 

Barrels which have contained salt, soda, potash, lime, or such chemicals should 
not be used under any circumstances, unless thoroughly cleansed by repeated boiling 
out and refilling. 

The lower the initial temperature of the water the more steam will be condensed 
for a given weight of water, or if the same proportion of steam to water is used, the 
lower will be the final temperature, and hence, less radiation of heat, or the whole pro- 
ceeding will be more reliable, but this cannot always be controlled, and care must be 
taken at all steps to reduce any possible error, and insure accuracy of weight and all 
other observations. 

The formula most generally used for barrel calorimeter is that prepared by Dr. 
Charles E. Emery, of New York, and is best known as the " Centennial Formula," 
from its having been adopted for the work done at the " Centennial Exhibition in 1876" 
by the committee having in charge the boiler tests at that time and place. The nota- 
tion which follows is also by Dr. Emery. 

1 ( W 
Q = -\ -{t'-t)-(T-t') 
I ( w 

in which the author has retained the notation, but somewhat modified the definitions. 
Q = quality of steam in percentage of unity or dry steam, as 1. 
/ = L in this volume, = latent heat at higher pressure. 
W — the original weight of water in barrel, in pounds. 
w = weight of water added by heating with steam, in pounds. 
t' = heat units in water, final temperature in barrel. 
/ = heat units in water, initial temperature in barrel. 
T = heat units in water for boiler pressure of steam, (h in this volume.) 

In the Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. VI., in 
this formula, by Wm. Kent, a mistake exists : (h — ti) which should be (h! — h) the 
same as in the formula above, {t' — t) referring to the same quantity. 

As in the case of throttling calorimeters, if Q is plus 1, there is superheat present, 
and if Q is less than 1, moisture {M) is present. 

In computation with this formula much care must be taken with the quantities 
(f — t) and (T — t), for t' and t are the heat units in water at the temperature of the 
thermometer as indicated. (T — t') T (or h in this volume) means "heat units in 
water " and does not mean temperatures as read from thermometer. 

Page 55 has a table of heat units in water, from 32 F., or temperature of melting 
ice, to that of boiling water, or 212 F.; and the tables, pp. 8 to 54, inclusive, contain in 
the column under h heat units in the water from which steam is made, from 21 2° F. to 



82 PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 

446° F. and at the pressure under P , while the temperature of the steam is given in the 
left-hand column of the same table (supposing no moisture or superheat is present). 
Then the left-hand column gives the " temperature due to pressure," while columns h, 
in both tables, give heat units in water at the pressure, or the apparent temperatures, 
and " apparent" is used in this application as most thermometers are incorrect, and 
the apparent reading is subject to some correction, hence, the heat units in water are 
not readings from a thermometer in calorimeter work. 

For general use the writer prefers Dr. Emery's formula written as 

W 

- (/' — t) - {h - 
Q = — 



L 

in which, for uniformity in this volume, the writer changes T in Dr. Emery's formula 
to h in his own use of it, as h in all formulae in this volume refers solely to the heat 
units in water at the apparent temperature or thermometer reading, and this formula as 
written avoids the decimal fraction multiplier of 1 -*- L. Any reader may work the 
same example by both notations, using author's h for T in Dr. Emery's notation — no 
difference will be found in result. 

Example, by Dr. Emery's notation. Steam gauge, 141 pounds ; barometer, 30.005 
inches; W — 350 lbs.; w = 26 lbs.; t = 38 F.; t' — 108 F. ; 30.005 inches on page 8 
= 14.74 lbs., or between 14.72 and 14.75 in the table, and 141 lbs. + 14.74 = 155.74 lbs. 
as absolute pressure, and on page 37, 155.74 under P lies between 155.65 and 155.85 
on same line ; L = 858.40, and h or ( T) = 333.66 ; t = 38 on page 55 (/z), 38 = 6.0012, 
and same page 108 (h) = 76.1062. Then we write : 

1 = ^_ i^=^h'-v= 1 r-f = 

} ) , f 76.1062 — 6.0012 = 70.10^0 \ and „„ „ „ A ,„ , „„ 

/ 858.4 ( w 26 ) iy 333.66 — 76.11=257.55 

000116496 (13.462 x 70.105 — 257.55) 

and here are four quantities ranged under the parts of the formula, and we proceed as 
follows : 13.462 x 70.105 = 943-75 — 257.55 = 686.20 x .00116496 = -79939, and this is 
Q. Then 1 — .79939 = .20061, as M and the mixture had in it 79.94$ of steam and 
20.061$ of water. 

If we work this same example by the author's placing of Dr. Emery's notation, it 
will be 

13.462 x 70.105 — 257.55 = 686.20 -h 858.4 = .79939, and these few figures are all 
that are required after the data are properly assembled, and we say as before Q = 
79.94$ and M = 20.061$. 

For readers who are not experienced in formula, note that in the author's notation 
only four quantities enter and they are as follows : 

1st. Divide weight of water used by the weight added, that is, divide the weight of 
water originally in the barrel, by the weight added by the steam = ( W -*- w). 

2d. Heat units in the final temperature in the water in the barrel less the heat 
units in the same water at the start = (t' — t). 

3d. From the heat units in water (at boiler pressure) of the steam being tested de- 
duct the heat units in the final temperature of the water in the barrel = (h — t'). 

4th. Latent heat in the steam, at the boiler pressure at the time of the test, = L. 
Each of the above quantities are to be worked out as previously stated, or taken from 
the tables, then 1st multiplied by the 2d, and from this result subtract the 3d, and that 



PRAY' S CALORIMETER TABLES. 83 

result is to be divided by the 4th, the final result being Q, or quality of steam compared 
with unity or standard, and to get moisture M, subtract Q from 1. The total steps in 
their order of computation are all stated above. 

Example. Barometer, 30.04 inches = 14.754 lbs.; gauge pressure, 137 -f" 14.754 = 
151.754 lbs. absolute. Find L for this pressure = 859.92, and h or T = 331.50. /' = 
172 , h = 140.48, and t = 68°, h is 36.02. W — 140 lbs. w = 14 lbs., and data is com- 
plete, and we write as follows : 
140 

(140.48 — 36.02) = 104.46 — (331.50 — 140.48) = 191.02 ; 

14 
and having the quantities as above, 

10 x 104.46 = 1044.60 — 191.02 = 853.58 ; 

and 853.58 -f- 859.92 = Q, and is .99262, or 99.262$ steam ; and 1 — Q = M, or 0.738^ 
moisture in the steam. 

All the quantities in the above example will be found on pages 8, 37 and 55 of the 
tables. Persons unaccustomed to such work should go carefully over each item and 
thoroughly learn the steps and be especially careful about f t and A, or Dr. Emery's T. 

Example. Immediately after the above test was made the barrel was filled with 
cracked ice and water, reduced to 36 F.; the ice taken out with a wire basket and 
another test under same conditions of pressure and barometer made, t = 36 F., /' = 
92. 20° F. The steam added was reduced to seven pounds in place of previous amount. 
Writing the data for computation of Q we have W = 140, w = 7, P = 151.754, and L 
= 859.92, and h = 331.50 or Dr. Emery's T. t' = 92. 2° and h is 60.26, t = 36 and h is 
4.0008, and the data is complete. We write 

1st. W -s- w = 140 -5- 7 = 20. 2d. t' — t — 60.26 — 4.0008 = 56.2592. 

3d. k — t' = 331.50 — 60.26 = 271.24. 4th. L = 859.92. 
Then to compute : 

20 x 56.2592 = 1125.1840 — 271.24 = 853.84; and this is to be divided by Z, 
and 853.84 -f- 859.92 = .99272, or Q; and 1 — .99272 = .00728$ M; and the quality 
of the steam is 99.272$ of steam and 0.728$ of moisture ; and it will be seen that 
the two results vary by an amount not material ; one is 0.738, the other 0.728, or .01$ of 
difference. 

Example. Barometer, 30.49 inches = 14.969^5.; gauge pressure, 140 ; P = 154.97. 
L = 858.70. h = 333.26. W — 140. W = 14. t' = 167 F. t — 60 ; and this is all 
the data needed, h for 167° F., on page 55, = 135.440, and h for 6o° F. = 28.012. 



Then w 


r e write 
W 

w 


140 
14 
10 


' t' — f 

I35-440 

28.012 


■ — - 
8 = 


r h - f ] 

333 260 1 

135.440 j-and 




k 107.428^ 
x 107.42 


_ 197. 820 J 
1074.28 IC 



197.82 = 876.46 -f- 858.70 = 1.0207, 

and the quality of steam is plus 1, or superheat is present ; the rule for superheat is 
the same in all calorimeters in this volume. 

1.0207 — 1 = 0.0207 x 858.70 -4- 0.48 = 37.031 -f° F. of superheat, and with the 
exception of 876.46 -e- 858.70 every figure needed to fully compute is here given. 

This test was at once repeated, using ice broken very fine, and the following data 
was taken : 

W— 140. w = 7 lbs. t' = 96.8 F. t = 40 F. Pressure as before, for 96.8 
k — 64.87 ; for 40 F. h = 8.0016, and W -3- w — 20, and we write : 



84 FRAY'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 

20 x 56.8684 =1137.368 — 268.39 = 868.978 -T- 858.70 = 1.01195$ as Q, and be- 
tween the two tests .009$ is the difference in results ; and to find superheat, 1. 01 195 — 
1 = .01195 x 858.70 -s- 0.48 = 21.378 F., and as in the two tests a difference exists of 
1 5 + F. in the superheat. 

With these examples and explanations it is believed that any one can soon work 
quickly and correctly any actual data that is likely to arise, and when familiar with 
the working of data the beginner is advised to take an example and change some one 
factor slightly, and then work out fully. This will soon show, and forcibly, the 
necessity for care in all observations in order to insure correct results. 




Fig. 1. 



PRAY' S CALORIMETER TABLES. 85 

CARPENTER'S SEPARATING CALORIMETER (new pattern). 

(For description see page 60, and Fig. 5, page 64.) 

The separating calorimeter is not limited in its capacity for the amount of possible 
moisture as is the throttling calorimeter, and it does not make use of the same factors, 
although it is fully as accurate if the person using it is careful and correct in observa- 
tion ; 50$ of water can be accurately determined by this instrument. 

It is simple in application, and observations are readily made and results quickly 
computed. The principle on which this instrument works is founded on determining 
the proportion of water separated in a certain time from a known weight of steam at a 
known pressure — hence, time, pressure and weight are the factors, and the computa- 
tion is direct and more simple than in any other instrument and correct for any amount 
of moisture, which is not true of the throttling instrument. 

The following is by Prof. Carpenter himself : 

" DIRECTIONS AND FORMULA FOR USE OF SEPARATING CALORIMETER." 

(By R. C. Carpenter, Prof. Experimental Engineering, Sibley College, 

Cornell University.) 

In the present construction of the separating calorimeter the condensing can is 
discarded, and in its new form it consists of a small gauge showing the total amount 
of steam which flows through the orifice in ten minutes of time, and a scale, as before 
represented, on which can be read the weight of the water thrown down at the begin- 
ning and end of this interval of time. 

By dividing the weight of water as shown on the calorimeter scale for a period of 
ten minutes by the sum of this weight and the gauge reading, we shall have the per- 
centage of moisture in the steam. By dividing the gauge reading by the sum of these 
respective quantities, we shall have the quality of the steam. In computations, denote 
by S the total amount of dry steam flowing through the instrument during ten minutes 
of time, which is denoted by the reading of the attached pressure gauge in pounds. 
W = the weight of water deposited in the inner vessel during ten minutes of time, 
and which is the difference of the readings of the scale attached to the water gauge at 
the beginning and end of the period, also in pounds or fractions of a pound ; and x = 
the percentage that the weight of dry steam bears to the total weight of steam and 
water ; this is called the quality, the percentage that the weight of moisture or water 
bears to the total weight by 1 — x. We shall then evidently have by simple division : 

S 

(1) The quality = x = 

W+ S 

W 

(2) The per cent, of moisture = 1 — : 



W+ S 

Example. As illustrating the practical use of the instrument consider the follow- 
ing data. The scale attached to the water gauge indicated at the beginning of the ob- 
servation that there was present 0.05 lb. of water ; ten minutes later, or at the close of 
the observation, the reading of the same scale indicated that there was present 0.57 
lb. of water, hence there had been deposited during ten minutes of time an amount 
equal to the difference of these quantities, or 0.52 lb. During the same interval of 



86 PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 

time the pointer of the pressure gauge remained at 42.5, indicating that there was dis- 
charged from the instrument 42.5 lbs. of dry steam during the interval of ten minutes. 
In reading the scale, note that the scale attached to the water gauge reads to hundredths 
of a pound and is to be read by setting the pointer or index to the bottom or concave 
surface of the water in the gauge glass and noting the corresponding reading on the 
scale ; the gauge reads to pounds and fractions of a pound and shows the discharge of 
dry steam for ten minutes of time. 

The determination of the gauge reading can be readily checked by condensing the 
dry steam discharged for a period of ten minutes of time and comparing with the 
gauge. If an error is found in the gauge it may be corrected by resetting the hand or 
by adding or subtracting the proper amount. 

In the example considered the value corresponding to S in the formula is 42.5, that 
corresponding to Wis 0.52 ; hence the quality or percentage of dry steam is equal to 
42.5 -T- 42.5 -f- 0.52, and the percentage of moisture is equal to 0.52 ■+■ 43.02 ; that is, 

42.5 42.5 0.52 0.52 

x — = = 98.79$ ; and 1 — x = = = 1.21$. 

42.5 + 0.52 43.02 42.5+0.52 43.02 

It is usually sufficient for all practical purposes to calculate 1 — x or the percent- 
age of moisture, since this is usually done with less labor than the calculation of x, the 
quality ; in every case the quality is equal in percentage to 100 minus the percentage of 
moisture and is readily obtained, provided the percentage of moisture be known. 

To show the effect of error in determining the weight of steam discharged, we will 
suppose that an error is made in reading the gauge, or that an error in its setting is 
made, so that instead of having the true discharge, which is 42.5 lbs. in ten minutes of 
time, the discharge is read as 41.5 lbs.; in this case the percentage of moisture would 
be figured as 0.52 divided by 42.02. The results would indicate 1.23$ of moisture, the 
true result being 1.21$, which would indicate that an error of reading or of determining 
the true weight of steam discharged, of one pound in ten minutes, would make an error 
in the result of only about one-hundredth of one per cent. An error of .01 lb. in the 
weight of moisture would make about the same difference in the result. These errors 
are as great as should be made under any ordinary conditions of use, and as indicated 
by previous calculation are of little practical importance. 



THE GRAPHIC METHOD OF DETERMINING Q. 

On page 59 notice particularly Prof. Carpenter's explicit instructions for making 
use of the " Curves of Quality " on page 61, or Fig. 3. Commence at" I have somewhat 
changed the method of using, etc.," and note with care all he says, to the end of page 
60, and please also remember that Fig. 1 is not used in this connection at all. 

If the reader will carefully correct his thermometer for the calorimeter and condi- 
tions, as Prof. Carpenter states on pages 59-60, there is no necessity for computation 
by formulae, for the result, when the boiling point for that test and that thermometer is 
found and the correction used as he states, is instantly shown in five seconds of time 
by taking corrected boiling point from the bottom of Fig. 3, and running up that line, 
to the line which crosses it at the higher temperature ; counting from the intersection 



PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 87 

of the two lines, to the nearest curve, gives the percentage of Q very closely indeed. 
The higher temperature in this case is not from the steam gauge or from the tables ; 
both temperatures are from the calorimeter and the same thermometer, noting the 
steam gauge to make sure no variation of amount takes place in the pressure — this is 
troublesome to some extent, and is only for that place and that time, but it ensures 
accuracy, which is of far more importance. 



GRAPHIC METHOD FOR Q. FIGURE 1. 

One of the serious causes of discrepancy in all forms of portable calorimeters is the 
fact of cheap thermometers, and the incomplete immersion of any thermometer used, 
in the mercury, or in some cases the oil, and the almost absurd way of exposing one 
part of the thermometer to a current of air, which may be cold or hot, and then ex- 
pecting " results " within the limits of accuracy. 

As generally used, thermometers read less than the real fact in a calorimeter well, 
especially when filled with some mixture of cylinder or other oil, and after an ex- 
plosion or two, from oil (?), the user will find mercury reliable, and certain not to smash 
the thermometers, and record as well, and when the steam is near to the point of 
saturation slight errors are vital, and change results to uncertainty. 

Thermometers should be shielded from all currents of air in some way, and mer- 
cury only should be used in the calorimeter well, especially if pressures of over 100 
lbs. are in pipes. 

Prof. Carpenter has given, on page 59, first paragraph, directions for the use of 
Fig. 1, on page 58, and this set of curves gives Q to the extent of calorimeter capacity, 
as also superheat of steam for some range of pressure. The graphic method for gen- 
eral use is closely approximate, but any one who expects to do thoroughly good work, 
in this as in all else, should go to the very bottom of the matter and know, not only 
the laws but their application, the why and how, and be able to compute with such 
precision and certainty as is possible by our knowledge of the factors under consid- 
eration. 



THE CALORIMETER— ITS RECENT HISTORY. 

Of the necessity of the calorimeter, in any case where the facts are desired, or of 
the positive value of its proper use and results, there is no question whatever, but the 
way in which the instrument has been used, and the interested attempts to foist on the 
users much questionable data, in certain interested directions, has led to the discredit- 
ing of almost any calorimeter results even when carefully and properly taken. 

The author has only used names of the instruments that are most easily handled, 
and also most certain as well as correct in the hands of people who are after prac- 
tical results, and not the hair-splitting data, which has so much discredited the instru- 
ment, by too many of the so-called " expert" engineers, with a patent or two, and more 
interest in selling than in making something of value and reliability. 



88 PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 

To Prof. Cecil H. Peabody, of the Mass. Institute of Technology, the invention of 
a throttling calorimeter, and its adaptation in most simple form, and the perfecting of 
its construction, with many trials of its capacity, and thorough testing for its relia- 
bility, the profession are indebted. 

Note. — In the Franklin Institute Journal, August, 1888, " A New Calorimeter," by 
Cecil H. Peabody, describes his invention in his own words, and in the Proceedings 
of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Scranton meeting, 1888, paper 
CCCXV., " A Simple Calorimeter," by Cecil H. Peabody, Boston. 

The author believes the papers read by Prof. Peabody, referred to, are the first 
papers on the subject ever presented to the American Society Mechanical Engineers, 
and there is not a doubt that the invention and perfecting, or putting into such a form, 
and making the instrument reliable, belongs solely to Cecil H. Peabody, and to no one 
else. 

At the same time the " Throttling Calorimeter" was presented to the A. S. M. E., 
and in a paper preceding that paper in sequence, Prof. Peabody read a paper, 
CCCXIV., " Flow of Steam in a Tube," which is undoubtedly first in importance on that 
subject, and this paper was, in some measure, jointly from Prof. Peabody and Mr. B. 
G. Buttolph, then recently a graduate of the M. I. T. 

At the Providence meeting of the A. S. M. E., 189T, Prof. R. C. Carpenter pre- 
sented, CCCCLII., " Notes Regarding Calorimeters," from many series of experiments, 
made at Sibley College, Cornell University, in which the investigation had led into 
the forms of nozzles leading steam from a pipe into the calorimeter, and this paper 
should be most carefully studied by any one in search of information as to such re- 
sults (see Vol. XII.), and in Carpenter's paper he calls attention to the fact "that 
patent No. 401,111, dated April 9, 1889, and filed in November, 1888, in claim IV., may 
cover the throttling calorimeter as described by Prof. Peabody in October, 1888, Vol X., 
page 237, etc.," and in the same paper Prof. Carpenter shows one form of his sepa- 
rating calorimeter, as -also his throttling calorimeter, and the author would call the 
attention of the reader to page 859 of that paper to its end, especially Prof. Carpen- 
ter's closure on page 870. From this paper much that is valuable to calorimeter practice 
is to be had, as Dr. Thurston, Prof. Peabody and Prof. Carpenter are men of position 
and ability. 

Following the above, friction occurred in some boiler trials, with the amount of 
moisture, and parties interested at once caused investigation into the calorimeter as to 
its reliability, and in December, 1894, paper DCXXVIII. was read by Prof. D. S. 
Jacobus, Hoboken, N. J., on " Results of Measurements to Test the Accuracy of Small 
Throttling Calorimeters." (See Vol. XVI.) 

This paper is one of the most valuable contributions to the matter now to be found 
in any language ; it should be thoroughly studied by any one interested, especially as 
it is really a part of the work done for, or in connection with Prof. James E. Denton, 
of Stevens Institute, in reference to what follows. The errors of a certain calorimeter 
are found to be very large. 

Another paper by Prof. Jacobus, Detroit meeting, June, 1895, DCLII., "Tests to 
Show the Distribution of Moisture in Steam when Flowing Through a Horizontal Pipe." 
(See page 1017, Vol. XVI., A. S. M. E. Transactions.) 

At the New York meeting, December, 1895, Prof. Denton presented a paper (see Vol. 
XVII., A. S. M. E.) DCLXXVI., "The Reliability of Throttling Calorimeters," and 
this paper refers for details to the two previous papers by Prof. Jacobus, and contains 
the final conclusions after months of careful and elaborate experiments in search of 



PRATS CALORIMETER TABLES. 89 

facts. All the papers referred to should be found or obtained by every one wishing to 
get to the bottom of such work, and to find on record some most amazing claims on the 
part of some of the members, as to what does or does not influence calorimeter results. 

This volume has no room for these discussions, as it relates to only those instru- 
ments named, and each of which are reliable, so far as our present knowledge of the 
whole subject permits. 

At the St. Louis meeting of A. S. M. E., Prof. Carpenter presented a paper 
DCLXXXIV., on "A New Form of Steam Calorimeter" (see Vol. XVII.), and this is 
the instrument illustrated on page 64 of this volume, and up to date it is fully con- 
firmed in claims made for it by its inventor ; it is accurate and capable of showing 50$ 
of moisture. "-- 

Paper CCCLXV., A. S. M. E., New York, 1889, by C. H. Peabody and A. L. Willis- 
ton, " An Experimental Study of the Errors of Different Types of Calorimeters" (see 
Vol. XI.), Transactions, is the conclusions from a series of many experiments made 
by Mr. Williston upon four different kinds of instruments, to ascertain how closely 
each was capable of working ; one of the forms was the barrel, and it seems to have 
worked with almost equal precision as either of the others, and does not need " a very 
considerable degree of skill and accurate instruments " — this paper should be memorized 
where accessible for it is brief, clear and exceedingly impartial. 

Prof. Peabody, in his " Thermodynamics," treats of the errors of some of the forms 
of calorimeters there mentioned, and shows clearly that in some of them there is need 
of most exceeding care, in order to obtain even approximate results. Mr. Williston con- 
firms that, by showing that unless very accurate observations are taken, and with fine 
instruments, the slight errors of the more ancient apparatus will be multiplied many 
times in the new forms — in substance that is his deduction. 



LIMIT OF ACCURATE INDICATION IN THE PEABODY OR 
CARPENTER "THROTTLING" CALORIMETER ONLY. 

The theoretical limit of indication of moisture in the steam is when (t s = ti) Pea- 
body's formula, or when the temperature of the thermometer in calorimeter (ts), and the 
temperature of steam in calorimeter (at its absolute pressure) (ti), are equal. The 
author has recomputed and extended the table from " Peabody's Thermodynamics," 
showing both " Q" and "M" from 250 pounds absolute pressure down to 50 pounds, 
using 14.696, or normal atmospheric pressure inside calorimeter. 



P. 


Q. 




M. 


250 


93-058$ 




6.942$ 


225 


93.491$ 




6.509$ 


200 


93.962$ 




6.038$ 


175 


94.363$ 




5.637$ 


150 


94.807$ 




5-193$ 


125 


95.405$ 




4-595$ 


100 


95.988$ 




4.012$ 


75 


96.797$ 




3.203$ 


50 


97.697$ 




2.303$ 




at 14.696 pounds. 


(A) 





90 PRA Y'S CALORIMETER TABLES. 

11 Q," in the American Society of Mechanical Engineers' Code of Boiler Tests, equals 
the "quality of the steam, dry steam taken as unity," and "M" equals the " percentage 
of moisture in steam," and these two amounts are needed to give correct results in all 
computations in which fuel is consumed, or where evaporative tests are made. Q 
and M added together must equal unity, or exactly I. If superheating is found, the 
method of computation is fully given in the examples which are worked out ; if Q = plus 
i, there can be no M ; if (?=minus I, there must be M and no superheat. 



EXTENDING THE LIMIT OF CAPACITY OF A THROTTLING 

CALORIMETER. 

Prof. Peabody states that the discharge end of a throttling calorimeter can be con- 
nected to the condenser, and the pressure in the calorimeter reduced to three or four 
pounds absolute. This is all correct, and by using proper gauge on the Peabody, and 
longer glass tube, for the mercury tube or (manometer) on Carpenter's throttling 
calorimeter, this can be done. The table following shows the limit for capacity for 
same range as the table last given. The table for condenser is computed by the author 
on a basis of three pounds absolute in the calorimeter ; any other pressure can be used, 
computing for the pressure in use at time of observation. 



WITH CONDENSER, THREE POUNDS ABSOLUTE IN THE 

CALORIMETER. 

P. Q. M. 

250 90.480$ 9.520$ 

225 9°-937$ 9- o6 3# 

200 91.428$ 8.572$ 

175 9i-854$ 8.146$ 

150 92.327$ 7.673$ 

125 92-952$ 7.048$ 

100 93-577$ 6.423$ 

75 94.417$ 5.583$ 

50 95.365$ 4-635$ 

at 3 pounds in calorimeter. 



THE PRACTICAL LIMIT IN USE. 

The author does not consider an observation upon either the Peabody or Carpenter 
throttling calorimeters of any value for computution unless there is a superheat of at 
least seven degrees, and preferably ten degrees F. 



PRAY' S CALORIMETER TABLES. 91 

Upon some of the so-called calorimeters any observations, unless with instruments 
of scientific accuracy, and in the hands of an exceedingly patient and experienced 
observer, are not only worthless, but misleading, while with the two instruments 
named, and with care, in the hands of any man of reasonable ability and honest inten- 
tions, will secure as close results as a trained observer can. The table which follows 
this is the author's computation, for the limits of accurate indication in percentages of 
both Q and M at the pressures stated from 15 pounds in the calorimeter (absolute in both 
pressures), or .3 on the gauge on Peabody, or .3 on the manometer of the Carpenter, 
meaning the throttling calorimeters named, but no others ; and where there is a super- 
heat of io° F. or more shown by the thermometer in the calorimeter in excess of the 
temperature due to 15 pounds pressure. 

Table showing limit of capacity of Peabody or Carpenter throttling calorimeter in 
amount of moisture in steam, at different pressures (absolute) to be relied on, atmos 
pheric pressure inside the calorimeter, ten or more degrees difference in indications. 
P. Q. M. 

250 93-685$ 6.315$ 

225 94.089$ 5.911$ 

200 94-5i3# 5.487$ 

175 94.9 62 $ 5-038$ 

150 95 446$ 4-554$ 

125 96.005$ 3-995$ 

100 96.621$ 3-379$ 

75 97-357$ 2.643$ 

50 98.408$ 1.592$ 

This table may be considered as reliable under conditions stated, and from it the 
percentage of moisture lies below 1.6$ at 50 pounds, 2.7$ at 75 pounds, 3.4$ at 100 
pounds absolute, or the limit of the throttling calorimeter at usual pressures is "very 
narrow " when correctly attached and carefully observed. 



INDEX 



Calorimeter ; recent history of 87, 88, 89 

Carpenter's Throttling „ 60 

Separating (old) 62, 63 

(new) „ „ . . 64, 85 

Peabody's Throttling 66 

inlet nozzle of 67 

" Barrel 80-84 

Directions for use and computation, Peabody's Throttling, with examples 

and rules 73~76 

for use and computation, Carpenter's Throttling, with examples 

and rules 

for use and computation, Barrel, with examples and rules. ...... 

by Prof. Carpenter, his new Separating Calorimeter 

Examples worked out, Peabody 72, 75, 76 

successive steps in , 

superheat computed, in degrees 

reduction of temperature by moisture 

Carpenter's Throttling 

" inlet choked 

" and superheat in degrees 

superheat in degrees 

Barrel Calorimeter, Emery's notation 

same by author's method 

' ' fully worked 

" superheat in degrees 

Carpenter's Separating (new) 

Extending the limit of capacity, Throttling 



General Directions to tables and notation 

" notations for computations 

" Prof. Peabody, Throttling.. 

" Prof. Peabody— Pray 

" " " " Prof. Carpenter's Throttling. 



76 


-79 


80-84 


85 


86 


75 


76 


75, 


82 




76 




76 




77 




78 


78 


79 


76, 


79 




82 




82 




83 




83 


85, 


86 




90 


7i- 


-73 


71- 


-73 




73 




74 


57, 


76 



INDEX. 93 

General Directions to notations for Prof. Carpenter — Pray „ 77 

" " " " Dr. Emery's Centennial Barrel . . 81 

" " " " •' Formula as used by Pray. . . 82 

" " notations to Prof. Carpenter's Separating. 85 

Logarithms ; four place table of . 69, 70 

Moisture in steam, determination of 56-65 

Prof. Carpenter's graphic method » . 61, 86 

" 58, 87 

" " " " calculation curves , 58 

" " " " curves of quality 61 

' ' Peabody's own formula 68 

Reference to columns of tables 6, 7 

" to letters employed in computation 71, 72, 73 

Samples of steam 64 

Steam, temperature of in degrees F., first column 8-54 

" absolute pressure of, lbs. per square inch, second column 8-54 

<s total heat of (H), third column 8-54 

fi< latent heat of (L), fourth column 8-54 

Si heat units in water of (h), fifth column 8-54 

c< pressure in inches of mercury, sixth column . 8-54 

Tables ; heat units in feed water 32 F. to 213 F 55 

" temperature of the steam 212 F. to 446 F., each one-tenth degree.. 8-54 

" absolute pressure, total heat, latent heat, etc 8-54 

4< heat units in water 32 F. to 213 F 55 

" limit of accurate indications in Peabody or Carpenter Throttling 

Calorimeter (Q) (M), 5 lbs. to 250 lbs. absolute at atmosphere. . . 89 
" limit of accurate indications attached to condenser, three pounds 

absolute in Calorimeter 90 

" the practical limit in use , 90, 91 

" four place logs with proportional parts 69, 70 



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Pray's Steam Tables • • • • * 
< ^and Engine Constants. 



PRICE TWO DOLLARS. 



This is the title of a book which is exactly the same size of page as " Twenty Years With The 
Indicator." The hook has 41 pages of preface, reading matter referring to each table, with rules and 
explanatory matter, and 64 pages of tables, all of which are original in computation, and not a lot of 
stale copies. These tables are all from the original work of Regnault, Rankine and Dixon. The two 
former were observers, and Prof. Dixon has reduced the original formulae of Regnault, with the 
utmost mathematical accuracy, beyond that of anyone who has followed him. 

The matter of the book is simple, and each formula has its explanation with it, so that an unedu- 
cated man can make the computations easily and correctly. 

1.— Table of Ratio of Expansion, Cut-Off, etc.— This table was computed by Rankine for twenty 
intervals of the stroke. The author has extended it to each one-hundredth of the stroke, precisely on 
Piof. Rankine's formulas. 

2.— Heat Units in Water 32° to 213° F., showing the heat units in water at observed temperature. 
Weight of one cubic foot of water at each degree, 32° to 213° F. Weight of one U. S. gallon, for each 
degree as above, and the cubic inches of water in one pound, for each degree, as well as the height of 
water to make one pound pressure, etc.— Regnault and Rankine's data. 

3.— Factors of Evaporation, each degree F. 32° to 212°, and for pressures from atmospheric, to 200 
lbs. per square inch, at intervals of 5, 10 and 20 lbs., with constants for each pound ; all easy to com- 
pute—the most comprehensive table on this subject. 

4.— Heat of Steam (Regnault).— This table shows the temperature of the steam for each degree 
104° F. (1.0621 lbs. per square inch) to 432° F. (350.6470 lbs. per square inch)— giving the " Total Heat, " 
" Latent Heat," kt Pressure," " Heat of the Water at Pressure," for each degree F. correctly computed 
from Regnault, exclusively, and with " no improv ements " on what he did leave on record. 

5.— Steam Table for each F. degree, 104 to 432. This table is scientific, but easily applied, it gives 
exact pressure in inches of mercury for each degree F. at the Equator, and at 45° latitude ; has many 
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6.— Hyperbolic Logarithms.— This table was entirely computed from a French work which is as 
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7.— Table of Engine Constants.— This table has received the most unqualified commendation 
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notice which appeared in the Journal of the Franklin Institute, August. 1895, says in a reference to 
this particular table : "And is, so far as I have re-calculated it, from personal observation, more ac- 
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1,000 feet. The table runs from a diameter of six inches by quarters of an inch to 37 inches, then by 
half inches to 60^ inches, and by whole inches to 117 inches of diameter. 

8.— Table of the Pressure, Temperature, Volume, and Density of Saturated Steam.— This table 
was entirely computed from Regnault's data, and Rankine's data and computations, and is complete 
from 1 lb. per square inch to 250 lbs. absolute, or from 13.67 lbs. below the atmosphere to 235.3 lbs. 
above, exact temperature for each pound, Specific Volume, or number of cubic feet in one pound. 
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cubic foot of water. Logs are in parallel columns for use of computers who use them, to five-places. 
This table has been approved most unqualifiedly by men entirely competent to do so. 

9.— Regnault's Results at the Paris Observatory.— This table is inserted for general information of 
the user; it states precisely what Regnault left on record, and which has been distorted with exceeding 
liberty in some cases. This table is positively from his own record, no alterations of any kind. 

10.— Mean Pressure Multiplier for any Pressure and each one-thousandth of th«» stroke. 
—This is one of Prof. Rankine's tables extended exactly fifty times from where he left it. By it a 
closely approximate result is obtained in three minutes, which may not be done otherwise in a half 
hour. The absolute pressure for each one-hundredth of the stroke is given in a column, and this is ex- 
tended by nine subdivisions for each, like a table of logs. The mean pressure of any engine can be had 
at any pressure and any point of cut-off, by simply using the number in the table and the initial 
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11 —Steam Used Expansively. — This is another of Rankine's tables, five times as comprehensive 
as he gives it ; is of utmost use in designing compound engines, or in efficiency of an engine. 

12.— Temperature of Steam at each Pound Absolute.— Regnault's Observations, translated by 
Dixon from C°. to F°. Author's computation The temperatures here given are correct, and are to 
three places of decimals— from 1 lb. absolute to 350.647 lbs. absolute. 

This book has in it no ideas or theories. It is a matter-of-fact, pure and simple, and is taken from 
the original records of Regnault, printed in 1847 from records made from 1843 to 1845, and are accu- 
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record. This book has been on the market only a few months, in one of the worst times for business, 
and is now on the last end of the second thousand copies (Feb. 1, 1896). Some of the tables have been 
most unqualifiedly endorsed by Professors on computation, and by some of the shipbuilders' engineers, 
by men in the United States and foreign navies, by engine builders, and by some of the best known 
professional men in the United States, as having between one pair of covers all the data for test- 
ing an engine or boiler; or for any computations on the same, and in an almost abso- 
lutely correct form, not only for reference but satisfactory after having been computed. The 
book is bound the same as " Twenty Years "; is same size ; elegantly printed by same printers, and for 
sale by all booksellers, and by D. Van Nostrand Co,, No. 23 Murray Street. New York, and E. & F. N. 
Spon, No. 125 Strand, London, England. 




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